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. 2024 Aug 26;74(8):509–523. doi: 10.1093/biosci/biae062

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© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 3. — Changes in Lake Wingra in response to invasive carp removal. (a) A carp exclosure experiment in Lake Wingra showing much clearer water within the 1-hectare exclosure, in stark contrast with the turbid conditions in the lake (Lathrop et al. 2013). Photograph: Mike DeVries, 7 July 2007. (b) Median summer (June–August) water clarity (the vertical lines show the minimum and maximum values) measured by Secchi disk in Lake Wingra over the period 1995–2020. The dashed vertical line indicates the March 2008 carp removal. (c) Macrophyte abundance in Lake Wingra based on rake fullness in 2007, before carp removal. (d) Macrophyte abundance in Lake Wingra based on rake fullness in 2022, following carp removal. The shift to the clearwater state corresponded with a sharp increase in macrophyte cover and biomass.