Table 4.
Recreational and animal contact behaviours associated with gastroenteritis among children in high-income countries, 1990–2018
| Risk factors | Pathogen/GI condition | Study citation | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Interaction with domestic animals | |||
| Contact with dogs or cats | Y. enterocolitica | [67] | aMOR = 3.10 95% CI:1.20–8.30 |
| Having a dog | Campylobacter | [59] | aOR = 3.80, 95% CI: 1.50–9.70, p < 0.001 |
| Campylobacter | [66] | OR = 3.80, 95% CI: 1.10–13.10 | |
| Exposure to chicken or livestock | G. duodenalis | [63] | aOR = 4.36, 95% CI: 1.62–11.70, p = 0.004 |
| Ownership of farm animals | Campylobacter | [54] | OR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.40–4.40 |
| Visiting farm animals | Campylobacter | [54] | OR = 2.80, 95% CI:1.20–6.40 |
| Contact with animal faeces | Campylobacter | [66] | OR = 62.40, 95% CI: 8.20–472.60 |
| Recreational behaviours | |||
| Playing in soil | S. typhimurium | [53] | aOR = 3.00, 95% CI:1.10–8.17, p = 0.032 |
| Playing in garden | Campylobacter | [68] | OR = 1.83, 95% CI:1.05–3.19, p = 0.033 |
| Playing in a sand box | Y. enterocolitica | [69] | aOR = 1.70, 95% CI:1.30–2.40; p = 0.001 |
| Bathing in paddling pools | Campylobacter | [66] | OR = 13.6,95% CI: 1.90–97.00 |
| Swimming in rivers | G. lamblia | [56] | OR = 4.40, 95% CI:1.20–15.70 |
| Eating at swimming pools | Cryptosporidium | [56] | OR 6.46, 95% CI: 2.60-16.05; p < 0.01 |
| Using the restrooms at pools | Cryptosporidium | [56] | OR 3.40; 95% CI: 1.42–8.17; p < 0.01 |