Fig. 7.

MD promoted autophagy through the AMPK signaling pathway. Relative protein expression of LKB1, p-AMPK, ULK1, p-TOR (A) and quantification (B) after with or without 1 mmol/L Met treatment for 48 h; relative protein expression of p-AMPK (C) and quantification (D) after with or without 1 mmol/L Met and different concentrations of CC (0, 2, 4, 8, 16 μmol/L) co-treatment for 48 h; relative protein expression of LC3 II and p62 (E) and quantification (F) after with or without 1 mmol/L Met and 16 μmol/L CC co-treatment for 48 h. The results were expressed as mean ± SD of 3 independent observations. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, n.s: no significance. Met, methionine; LKB1, liver kinase B1; p-AMPK, phosphorylated-AMP-activated protein kinase; ULK1, Unc-51-like kinase 1; p-TOR, phosphorylated-rapamycin; CC, compound C; p62, sequestosome 1; LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3