Fig. 8.

MD activated the AMPK signaling pathway by increasing ROS. Content of GSH (A); ROS (B) and quantification (C) after with or without 1 mmol/L Met treatment for 48 h; content of ROS (D) and quantification (E) after pre-treatment with NAC (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 mmol/L) for 1 h then treat with or without 1 mmol/L Met for 48 h; relative protein expression of p-AMPK (F) and quantification (G) after pre-treatment with 5 mmol/L NAC for 1 h then treat with or without 1 mmol/L Met for 48 h. The results were expressed as mean ± SD of 3 or 6 independent observations (WB: n = 3). ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001, n.s: no significance. GSH, glutathione; Met, methionine; Nig, nigericin sodium salt; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NAC, N-acetyl-L-cysteine; p-AMPK, phosphorylated-AMP-activated protein kinase