Table 1.
Instruments for Screening and Assessment of Frailty
| Instrument | Components | Scoring | Classic Literature |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fried frailty phenotype (FFP) | Five criteria: weight loss; weakness; poor endurance; slowness; low activity | Score range 0 to 5. Frailty: ≥ 3 criteria present. Pre-frailty: 1 or 2 criteria present. No frailty: 0 criteria present. |
Fried (2001)10 Bandeen-Roche (2006)11 |
| Frailty index (FI) | Sixty-eight indicators of possible deficits in 6 variables: demographic characteristics; physical health; somatic functioning; lifestyle behaviors; social functioning; psychological status; and cognitive functioning | Frailty: FI ≥ 0.25. Pre-frailty: 0.08<FI<0.25. No frailty: FI ≤ 0.08. |
Mitnitski (2001)12 Rockwood (2007)13 |
| FRAIL scale | Five criteria: fatigue; decreased resistance; limited walking; coexistence of multiple diseases; weight loss | Frail: ≥ 3 criteria present. Pre-frailty: 1 or 2 criteria present. No frailty: 0 criteria present. |
Dent (2016)14 Hyde (2010)15 Ravindrarajah (2013)16 |
| Groningen frailty indicator (GFI) | Fifteen self-assessment items in four dimensions: somatic latitude; cognitive latitude; social latitude; and psychological latitude | Score range 0 to 15. Frailty: ≥ 4 points |
Peters (2015)17 Bielderman (2013)18 |
| Tilburg frailty indicator (TFI) | Includes A, B two parts. Part A: ten items (No participation in scoring) Part B has fifteen items and includes three dimensions: somatic, psychological, social. |
Score range 0 to 15. Frailty: ≥ 5 points. |
Gobbens (2010)19 Dong (2017)20 |
| Edmonton frailty scale (EFS) | Nine dimensions, eleven items in total: cognitive ability; general health status; functional independence; social support; substance use; nutrition; mood; independence; and functional performance | Score range 0 to 17. Frailty: ≥ 6 points. Pre-frailty: 4~5 points. No frailty: 0~3 points. |
Rolfson (2006)21 Hilmer (2009)22 Perna (2017)23 |
| Comprehensive frailty assessment instrument (CFAI) | Four dimensions, eleven items in total: physical; psychological; social; environmental | Score range 20 to 97. Frailty:>20 points. No frailty: ≤20 points. |
De Witte (2013)24 Qiao (2018)25 |
| PRISMA-7 | Seven simple questions: over 85 years of age; male; limited mobility due to health problems; needs help from other people; cannot go out due to a health problem; needs social support; uses walking aid (cane, walker or wheelchair) | 1 point for each question, score range 0 to 7. Frailty: ≥ 3 points. |
Raiche (2008)26 Hoffmann (2020)27 |
| SHARE-FI | Five criteria: Poor mental health; loss of appetite; decreased mobility; labor frequency; poor grip strength | Automatically calculates frailty scores and determines the degree of frailty using an Internet model. | Romero-Ortuno (2010)28 Romero-Ortuno (2013)29 Dorner (2014)30 |