Table 2.

The Clinical Experiments Estimating the Efficacy of MSC Treatment and AD Outcomes

Phase	MSC/MSC-EV Source	Enrollment Criteria	Period	Therapy	Dose	Frequency	Follow-Up Indicators	Clinical Outcomes	Ref.
I/IIa	Umbilical cord	34 patients with moderate to severe AD (7 in stage 1 and 27 in stage 2a) SCORAD Score> 20, age 20 and 60 years, persistent symptoms (6 months)	Phase 1:4 weeks; Phase 2a: 12 weeks. To evaluate the safety of hUCB-MSCs in moderate to severe AD	Hypodermic injection	Low dose: 2.5^107 MSC; High dose: 5.0^107 MSC	Once a week	EASI, IGA, and SCORAD scores; Serum IgE levels and the number of eosinophils	Achieved EASI-50 remission in 55% of high-dose patients and 36% of low-dose patients; decreased total serum IgE levels and blood eosinophil count	[114]
–	Bone marrow	5 patients with moderate to severe AD with a SCORAD score> 20); Ages ranged from 20 to 60 years, persistent symptoms (6 months)	16 weeks (4 weeks of treatment, 12 weeks of follow-up)	Intravenous injection	1.0^106 cells/kg.	Every 2 weeks 3 times	EAS I, IGA, and SCORAD scores; serum levels of CCL-17, CCL-22, IL-13, IL-18, IL-22, and IgE	EASI-50 mitigation: S001 first cycle; S002 two cycles; S003 and S004 second cycle; S005 none; decreased CCL-17, IL-13, and IL-22; S001 and S002 IgE decreased significantly	[115]
–	Adipose tissue	Two AD patients with refractory DFR	6 weeks	Electropore transdermal administration	1mL ASCEs	Once a week	Whether the facial erythema lesions	Significantly improved facial erythema lesion	[116]

Abbreviations: hUCB-MSC, Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; AD, Atopic dermatitis; EASI, eczema area, and severity index; IGA, Investigator Global Assessment; SCORAD, SCORing Atopic Dermatitis; CCL-17, C-C motif chemokine ligand 17; CCL-22, C-C motif chemokine ligand 22; IL-13, Interleukin-13; IL-18, Interleukin-18; IL-22, Interleukin-22; IgE, Immunoglobulin E; ASCEs, Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosome.