Table 5:

This table presents the experimental results of ODD on BioClinicalBERT and BioBERT. Each value stands for the average and the standard deviation of test folds of the nested cross-validation results and average scores with higher values between Fine-tuning and Prompt-based Fine-tuning marked as bold.

Categories	Fine-tuning				Prompt-based Fine-tuning
	BioBERT		BioClinicalBERT		BioBERT		BioClinicalBERT
	AUPRC	F1	AUPRC	F1	AUPRC	F1	AUPRC	F1
Confirmed Aberrant Behaviors	77.79±4.80	64.07±6.68	79.48±2.53	66.19±5.09	84.46±16.40	71.44±12.02	90.52±6.54	78.25±7.07
Suggested Aberrant Behaviors	25.80±4.10	23.62±4.18	25.83±2.36	29.39±5.16	46.07±17.87	46.93±12.77	46.04±16.27	44.37±13.02
Opioids	98.91±0.30	97.29±0.59	99.04±0.23	97.23±0.41	99.55±0.16	97.52±0.47	99.57±0.18	98.00±0.29
Indication	97.57±0.77	94.77±0.45	97.29±1.02	94.25±1.11	97.83±0.90	93.89±1.60	97.86±0.90	93.55±0.94
Diagnosed Opioid Dependency	60.54±6.96	45.04±4.86	61.54±4.49	49.63±4.45	88.67±10.83	80.90±10.09	90.15±7.22	79.24±12.97
Benzodiazepines	96.83±1.01	95.09±1.27	96.47±1.33	94.40±0.94	97.39±1.33	95.43±0.82	96.89±1.71	97.15±1.55
Medication Change	51.64±4.13	46.42±2.12	56.02±5.52	50.72±1.65	79.21±3.46	68.32±1.67	76.33±4.06	68.61±5.14
Central Nervous System Related	97.83±0.57	87.10±2.10	98.15±0.46	88.11±1.00	98.60±1.23	94.85±1.25	98.74±0.53	92.81±2.44
Social Determinants of Health	94.32±1.07	80.20±5.73	92.82±1.81	83.90±6.30	96.17±2.01	93.65±4.04	97.39±1.83	93.79±3.08
Macro Average	77.91±26.36	70.40±26.81	78.52±25.63	72.65±24.58	87.55±17.12	82.55±17.29	88.17±17.40	82.86±17.62