TABLE III.
Accuracy Scores of ChatGPT-Generated References as Compared With Their Associated PubMed References
| ChatGPT Title | ChatGPT References | PubMed References | Mean Accuracy Score* | Average Score | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Airway with cervical spine protection | American College of Surgeons. (2018). Advanced Trauma Life Support Student Course Manual (10th ed) | — | 2 | 1.5 | 0.437 |
| Carney N, Totten AM, O'Reilly C, et al. (2017). Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Fourth Edition. Neurosurgery, 80(1), 6-15 | Carney N, Totten AM, O'Reilly C, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Fourth Edition. Neurosurgery. 2017;80(1):6-15. doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000001432 | 2 | |||
| Walls RM & Murphy MF. (2008). Manual of Emergency Airway Management (3rd ed). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | — | 2 | |||
| Thiboutot F, Nicole PC, Trépanier CA, Turgeon AF, & Lessard BM. (2009). Prehospital Airway Management in the Acutely Injured Patient: The Role of Surgical Cricothyrotomy Revisited. Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 67(3), 583-586. [PubMed ID: 19741395] | Gerich TG, Schmidt U, Hubrich V, Lobenhoffer HP, Tscherne H. Prehospital airway management in the acutely injured patient: the role of surgical cricothyrotomy revisited. J Trauma. 1998;45(2):312-314. doi:10.1097/00005373-199808000-00017; PMID: 9715188 | 1 | |||
| Sakles JC, Mosier JM, Patanwala AE, & Arcaris B. [missing author] (2016). First Pass Success Without Hypoxemia is Increased with the Use of Apneic Oxygenation During RSI in the Emergency Department. Academic Emergency Medicine, 23(6), 703-710. [PubMed ID: 26836726] | Sakles JC, Mosier JM, Patanwala AE, Arcaris B, Dicken JM. First Pass Success Without Hypoxemia Is Increased With the Use of Apneic Oxygenation During Rapid Sequence Intubation in the Emergency Department. Acad Emerg Med. 2016;23(6):703-710. doi:10.1111/acem.12931; PMID: 26836712 | 1 | |||
| Crewdson K, Lockey DJ, & Røislien J. (2017). The impact of pre-hospital intubation with and without sedation on outcome in trauma patients with a GCS of 8 or less. Resuscitation, 118, 80-86. [PubMed ID: 28736051] | Hoffmann M, Czorlich P, Lehmann W, et al. The Impact of Prehospital Intubation With and Without Sedation on Outcome in Trauma Patients With a GCS of 8 or Less. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2017;29(2):161-167. doi:10.1097/ANA.0000000000000275; PMID: 26797107 | 1 | |||
| Breathing and ventilation | American College of Surgeons. (2018). Advanced Trauma Life Support Student Course Manual (10th ed) | 2 | 1.42 | ||
| Zideman DA, Singletary EM, De Buck EDJ, et al. (2015). European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: Section 9. First aid. Resuscitation, 95, 278-287 | Zideman DA, De Buck ED, Singletary EM, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 9. First aid. Resuscitation. 2015;95:278-287. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.031 | 1.5 | |||
| Kortbeek JB, Al Turki SA, Ali J, et al. (2008). Advanced trauma life support, 8th edition, the evidence for change. Journal of Trauma, 64(6), 1638-1650 | Kortbeek JB, Al Turki SA, Ali J, et al. Advanced trauma life support, 8th edition, the evidence for change. J Trauma. 2008;64(6):1638-1650. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181744b03 | 2 | |||
| Leigh-Smith S, & Harris T. (2005). Tension pneumothorax—time for a re-think? Emergency Medicine Journal, 22(1), 8-16. [PubMed ID: 15611534] | Leigh-Smith S, Harris T. Tension pneumothorax: time for a re-think? Emerg Med J. 2005 Jan;22(1):8-16. doi: 10.1136/emj.2003.010421. PMID: 15611534; PMCID: PMC1726546 | 2 | |||
| Galvagno SM, Nahmias JT, & Young DA. (2020). Advanced Trauma Life Support® Update 2019: Management and Applications for Adults and Special Populations. Anesthesiology Clinics, 38(2), 291-303. [PubMed ID: 32471636] | Galvagno SM Jr, Nahmias JT, Young DA. Advanced Trauma Life Support® Update 2019: Management and Applications for Adults and Special Populations. Anesthesiol Clin. 2019;37(1):13-32. doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2018.09.009; PMID: 30711226 | 1 | |||
| Zeng J, Qian S, Zheng M, Wang Y, Zhou J, & Qiu H. (2019). The Epidemiology and Prehospital Management of Traumatic Pneumothorax. Prehospital Emergency Care, 23(4), 575-583. [PubMed ID: 30431398] | Alghnam S, Aldahnim MH, Aldebasi MH, et al. The incidence and predictors of pneumothorax among trauma patients in Saudi Arabia. Findings from a level-I trauma center. Saudi Med J. 2020;41(3):247-252. doi:10.15537/smj.2020.3.24917; PMID: 32114596 | 0 | |||
| Circulation with hemorrhage control | Kauvar DS, Lefering R, & Wade CE. (2006). Impact of hemorrhage on trauma outcome: an overview of epidemiology, clinical presentations, and therapeutic considerations. Journal of Trauma, 60(6 Suppl), S3-11 | Kauvar DS, Lefering R, Wade CE. Impact of hemorrhage on trauma outcome: an overview of epidemiology, clinical presentations, and therapeutic considerations. J Trauma. 2006;60(6 Suppl):S3-S11. doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000199961.02677.19 | 2 | 1.67 | |
| Holcomb JB, Tilley BC, Baraniuk S, et al. (2015). Transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 ratio and mortality in patients with severe trauma: The PROPPR randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 313(5), 471-482 | Holcomb JB, Tilley BC, Baraniuk S, et al. Transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 ratio and mortality in patients with severe trauma: the PROPPR randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;313(5):471-482. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.12 | 2 | |||
| Pusateri AE, Weiskopf RB, Bebarta V, et al. (2013). Tranexamic acid and trauma: current status and knowledge gaps with recommended research priorities. Shock, 39(2), 121-126 | Pusateri AE, Weiskopf RB, Bebarta V, et al. Tranexamic acid and trauma: current status and knowledge gaps with recommended research priorities. Shock. 2013;39(2):121-126. doi:10.1097/SHK.0b013e318280409a | 2 | |||
| Kragh JF Jr, Walters TJ, Baer DG, Fox CJ, Wade CE, Salinas J, Holcomb JB. (2009). Practical use of emergency tourniquets to stop bleeding in major limb trauma. Journal of Trauma, 64(2 Suppl), S38-49; discussion S49-50. [PubMed ID: 19177521] | Kragh JF Jr, Walters TJ, Baer DG, et al. Practical use of emergency tourniquets to stop bleeding in major limb trauma. J Trauma. 2008;64(2 Suppl):S38-S50. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e31816086b1; PMID: 18376170 | 1 | |||
| Cannon JW, Khan MA, Raja AS, Cohen MJ, Como JJ, Cotton BA, & Yelon JA. (2017). Damage control resuscitation in patients with severe traumatic hemorrhage. [incomplete title] Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 82(3), 605-617. [PubMed ID: 28030486] | Cannon JW, Khan MA, Raja AS, et al. Damage control resuscitation in patients with severe traumatic hemorrhage: A practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;82(3):605-617. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000001333; PMID: 28225743 | 1 | |||
| Moore HB, Moore EE, Chapman MP, McVaney K, Bryskiewicz G, Blechar R & Silliman CC (2018). Plasma-first resuscitation to treat haemorrhagic shock during emergency ground transportation in an urban area: a randomised trial. The Lancet, 392(10144), 283-291. [PubMed ID: 30032977] | Moore HB, Moore EE, Chapman MP, et al. Plasma-first resuscitation to treat haemorrhagic shock during emergency ground transportation in an urban area: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2018;392(10144):283-291. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(1831553-8) | 2 | |||
| Disability or neurological status | Teasdale G, & Jennett B. (1974). Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet, 2(7872), 81-84 | Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet. 1974;2(7872):81-84. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(7491639-0) | 2 | 1 | |
| Ropper AH. (2014). Traumatic brain injury–A review. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(10), 898-901 | Crooks CY, Zumsteg JM, Bell KR. Traumatic brain injury: a review of practice management and recent advances. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2007;18(4):681-vi. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2007.06.005 | 0 | |||
| Marion DW, & Carlier PM. (1994). Problems with initial Glasgow Coma Scale assessment caused by prehospital treatment of patients with head injuries: results of a national survey. Journal of Trauma, 36(1), 89-95 | Marion DW, Carlier PM. Problems with initial Glasgow Coma Scale assessment caused by prehospital treatment of patients with head injuries: results of a national survey. J Trauma. 1994;36(1):89-95. doi:10.1097/00005373-199401000-00014 | 2 | |||
| Majdan M, Mauritz W, Wilbacher I, Brazinova A, Rusnak M, & Leitgeb J. (2013). Glasgow Coma Scale score at intensive care unit discharge predicts the 1-year outcome of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 39(3), 285-292. [PubMed ID: 26815230] | Leitgeb J, Mauritz W, Brazinova A, et al. Glasgow Coma Scale score at intensive care unit discharge predicts the 1-year outcome of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2013;39(3):285-292. doi:10.1007/s00068-013-0269-3; PMID: 23762202 | 1 | |||
| Spaite DW, [missing author], Bobrow BJ, Keim SM, Barnhart B, Chikani V, Gaither JB, & Vadeboncoeur TF. (2017). Association of out-of-hospital hypotension depth and duration with traumatic brain injury outcomes. JAMA Neurology, 74(10), 1206-1214. [PubMed ID: 28846763] | Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, et al. Association of Out-of-Hospital Hypotension Depth and Duration With Traumatic Brain Injury Mortality. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;70(4):522-530.e1. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.03.027; PMID: 28559036 | 1 | |||
| Sun M, Meurer WJ, Domeier RM, Shields JF, & Layton KF. (2017). The cause of death in trauma: A study in brain injured patients who died during emergency medical rescue. Prehospital Emergency Care, 21(5), 583-590. [PubMed ID: 28394703] | Goldberg SA, Rojanasarntikul D, Jagoda A. The prehospital management of traumatic brain injury. Handb Clin Neurol. 2015;127:367-378. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-52892-6.00023-4 | 0 | |||
| Exposure/environmental control | Champion HR, Sacco WJ, Copes WS, Gann DS, Gennarelli TA, & Flanagan ME. (1996). A revision of the Trauma Score. Journal of Trauma, 29(5), 623-629 | Champion HR, Sacco WJ, Copes WS, Gann DS, Gennarelli TA, Flanagan ME. A revision of the Trauma Score. J Trauma. 1989;29(5):623-629. doi:10.1097/00005373-198905000-00017 | 1.5 | 1.08 | |
| Gentilello LM, Jurkovich GJ, Stark MS, Hassantash SA, & O'Keefe GE. (2002). Is hypothermia in the victim of major trauma protective or harmful? A randomized, prospective study. Annals of Surgery, 236(4), 492-500 | Gentilello LM, Jurkovich GJ, Stark MS, Hassantash SA, O'Keefe GE. Is hypothermia in the victim of major trauma protective or harmful? A randomized, prospective study. Ann Surg. 1997 Oct;226(4):439-47; discussion 447-9. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199710000-00005. PMID: 9351712; PMCID: PMC1191057 | 1 | |||
| Seekamp A, Regel G, Tscherne H. (1998). Hypothermia in patients with multiple injuries. Injury, 29 Suppl 2, B7-12 | Segers MJ, Diephuis JC, van Kesteren RG, van der Werken C. Hypothermia in trauma patients. Unfallchirurg. 1998;101(10):742-749 | 0 | |||
| Lapostolle F, Sebbah JL, Couvreur J, Koch FX, Savary D, Tazarourte K & Adnet F. (2007). Risk [factors for onset] of hypothermia in trauma victims: the importance of the prehospital phase. Prehospital Emergency Care, 11(4), 460-467. [PubMed ID: 17907033] | Lapostolle F, Sebbah JL, Couvreur J, et al. Risk factors for onset of hypothermia in trauma victims: the HypoTraum study. Crit Care. 2012;16(4):R142. Published 2012 Jul 31. doi:10.1186/cc11449; PMID: 22849694 | 1 | |||
| Ireland S, Endacott R, Cameron P, Fitzgerald M, & Paul E. (2018). The incidence and significance of accidental hypothermia in major trauma–A prospective observational study. Resuscitation, 122, 11-17. [PubMed ID: 29141153] | Ireland S, Endacott R, Cameron P, Fitzgerald M, Paul E. The incidence and significance of accidental hypothermia in major trauma: a prospective observational study. Resuscitation. 2011;82(3):300-306. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.10.016; PMID: 21074927 | 1 | |||
| Søreide K. Clinical and translational aspects of hypothermia in major trauma patients: from pathophysiology to prevention, prognosis and potential preservation. Injury. 2014;45(4):647-654. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2012.12.023. PMID: 23352151 | Søreide K. Clinical and translational aspects of hypothermia in major trauma patients: from pathophysiology to prevention, prognosis and potential preservation. Injury. 2014;45(4):647-654. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2012.12.027 | 2 |
*
Mean accuracy score represents the average of the grades provided by the 2 independent reviewers.
†
p-value calculated using one-way analysis of variance.