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| Group | Surface treatment | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| G1 - IB | 70% alcohol | 5.33A | 2.41 |
| G2 - IB | Water/Air jet | 3.52A | 2.49 |
| G3 - IB | Sandblasting aluminum oxide 100μm | 4.89A | 1.49 |
| G4 - DB | - | 16.94B | 6.03 |
IB: Indirect bonding; DB: Direct bonding; SD: Standard deviation; Tukey test (p <0.05%). Equal superscripts letters indicate statistical similarity.
