Figure 1. Effect of homozygosity at the S-locus on 13 phenotypic traits compared to heterozygotes.

For each trait, the phenotypic values in homozygotes (in grey; n=72) were normalised relative to the mean phenotypic values in heterozygotes (in black; n=86). The point represent the mean and the barres represent the standard deviations. The differences of distributions were tested by 10,000 random permutations.

Figure 1—figure supplement 1. Experimental protocol.

(A) We randomly crossed A. lyrata individuals from the PIN, TSS, and IND populations in North America (left) and A. halleri from the Nivelle (middle) and Mortagne (right) populations. Individuals were sequenced by a capture protocol. Numbers between parentheses represent the number of individuals per dataset. (B) One offspring from each cross was sequenced along with its two parents for trio haplotyping. Offspring from the Nivelle population (black circle) were conserved for the study of the impact of homozygosity at the S-locus on fitness (G1 population). (C) Individuals sequenced in (A) and (B) were used to reconstruct haplotypes linked to each copy of S-allele, assuming no recombination between the S-locus and its flanking regions between parents and offspring. (D) We used the dominance hierarchy between S-alleles expressed in pollen to cross G1 individuals from the Nivelle population and obtained six G2 families constituted of heterozygous and homozygous individuals for the alleles Ah01, Ah03, and Ah04. (E) Description of the traits measured, and the methods used to estimate the impact of homozygosity at the S-locus in homozygotes. Traits 1–8 are related to biomass and traits 10–14 are related to reproductive success.