|
Drug Category
|
Mechanism of Action
|
Side Effects
|
|
Opioids
|
binding to opioid receptors in
the brain, spinal cord, and other areas of the body, reducing the
perception
of pain.
|
respiratory depression, sedation,
constipation, nausea, vomiting, tolerance, and dependence.
|
|
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory
Drugs (NSAIDs)
|
inhibit the production of
prostaglandins, which are chemicals that promote inflammation, fever,
and
pain.
|
gastrointestinal ulcers and
bleeding, kidney damage, increased risk of cardiovascular events (such
as
heart attack or stroke), and fluid retention.
|
|
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
|
inhibiting the production of
prostaglandins in the brain.
|
liver damage (especially in cases
of overdose), allergic reactions, and skin rash.
|
|
Gabapentinoids (Gabapentin,
Pregabalin)
|
modulating the activity of
certain neurotransmitters involved in the transmission of pain signals.
|
dizziness, drowsiness, peripheral
edema, weight gain, and ataxia.
|
|
Ketamine
|
NMDA receptor antagonist and
provides analgesic effects by blocking the transmission of pain signals.
|
hallucinations, dissociation,
elevated blood pressure, tachycardia, and respiratory depression.
|
|
Local Anesthetics (e.g.,
Lidocaine)
|
signals in a specific area,
providing temporary pain relief.
|
local tissue irritation, allergic
reactions, and systemic toxicity if absorbed in large amounts.
|
|
Alpha-2 Agonists (e.g.,
Dexmedetomidine)
|
sedative and analgesic effects by
activating alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the brainstem.
|
bradycardia, hypotension, dry
mouth, and sedation.
|
|
Corticosteroids (e.g.,
Methylprednisolone)
|
- anti-inflammatory properties
and may be used to reduce inflammation and pain associated with certain
conditions.
|
immunosuppression, hyperglycemia,
fluid retention, mood changes, and osteoporosis.
|
