Table 2.

Mean and normal ranges for males and females in different age-groups.

Age group	40–49	50–59	60–69
PACS (%)
Female	20.1 (9.0 to 31.2)	20.5 (9.4 to 31.6)	21.0 (9.7 to 32.3)
Male	20.4 (8.9 to 31.9)	20.4 (9.3 to 31.3)	21.6 (8.6 to 34.7)
ACS (%)
Female	34.9 (6.4 to 63.3)	28.1 (5.2 to 50.9)	24.4 (2.2 to 46.5)†
Male	27.4 (2.9 to 51.9)‡	23.8 (4.0 to 43.6)‡	22.7 (3.6 to 41.9)
ATS (%)
Female	54.0 (22.2 to 87.7)	48.6 (21.1 to 76.1)	45.4 (17.6 to 73.2)
Male	47.8 (17.8 to 77.9)‡	44.1 (18.6 to 69.7)‡	44.3 (19.4 to 69.3)
Atrial SR S (1/s)
Female	2.7 (0.8 to 4.5)	2.4 (0.8 to 4.1)	2.4 (0.6 to 4.3)
Male	2.6 (0.5 to 4.7)	2.3 (0.8 to 4.1)	2.5 (0.7 to 4.4)
Atrial SR E (1/s)
Female	−3.0 (−0.8 to −5.3)	−2.4 (−0.6 to −4.2)	−1.9 (−0.5 to −3.2)†
Male	−2.5 (−0.4 to −4.7)‡	−2.2 (−0.6 to −3.9)‡	−2.0 (−0.4 to −3.6)
Atrial SR A (1/s)
Female	−2.9 (−1.2 to −4.6)	−2.9 (-1.1 to −4.6)	−2.9 (−1.0 to −4.9)
Male	−3.0 (−0.9 to −5.1)	−3.0 (−0.9 to −5.0)	−3.1 (−1.0 to −5.2)
LASI (1/%)
Female	0.17 (0.06 to 0.35)	0.19 (0.09 to 0.41)	0.24 (0.10 to 0.58)†
Male	0.18 (0.07 to 0.37)‡	0.19 (0.08 to 0.42)	0.21 (0.09 to 0.54)‡

Measurements of healthy individuals with EF ≥ 50%, without cardiac disease, atrial fibrillation, controlled, or uncontrolled hypertension. PACS: peak atrial contraction strain; ACS: atrial conduit strain: ATS: atrial total strain; SR: strain rate; S: during systole; E: during diastole; A: during atrial contraction. ^‡p < 0.05 for difference between males and females. ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc analysis. ^†p < 0.05 for difference towards group 40–49 years. No significant differences were seen between the age group 50–59 years and other age groups.