Table 1.
Study data, demographic, and clinical characteristics of individuals of the 23 selected studies, classified by chronological order comparing HIV-positive and HIV-negative subjects.
| Authors (year) | Country1 | Study design | HIV-infected individuals | Non-HIV-infected individuals | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size (%) | Age (%) | Serological characteristics | Antiretroviral therapy status (%) | Sample size (%) | Age (%) | |||
| Lucht et al. [18] (1991) | Sweden | Cross-sectional |
N = 30 Male: N = 28 (93.33) Female: N = 2 (6.67) |
Individuals without clinical signs of infection: mean 35.5 years ARC individuals: mean 42.3 years AIDS individuals: mean 38.1 years |
HIV viral load (mean): NA CD4 count: Individuals without clinical signs of infection: 0.53 × 106/L ARC individuals: 0.24 × 106/L AIDS individuals: 0.06 × 106/L |
NA |
N = 10 Male: N = 10 (100) Female: N = 0 |
Mean: 37.7 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Grbic et al. [27] (1995) | United States of America | Cross-sectional |
N = 121 Male: N = 105 (86.77) Female: N = 16 (13.23) |
HIV-infected homosexual men (mean): 40.9 years HIV-infected parenteral drug users (mean): 39.3 years |
HIV viral load: NA CD4 count (mean): HIV-infected homosexual men individuals: 305 cells/mm3 HIV-infected parenteral drug users: 402 cells/mm3 |
On ART: Homosexual men: 48.6% HIV-infected parenteral drug users: 63.0% |
N = 83 Male: N = 70 (84.3) Female: N = 30 (15.7) |
Homosexual men without HIV: mean 40.0 years Parenteral drug users: mean 41.6 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Smith et al. [28] (1995) | United Kingdom | Cross-sectional |
N = 29 Male: N = 23 (79.3) Female: N = 6 (20.7) |
Mean: 33.2 years | HIV viral load: NA CD4 count: NA |
NA |
N = 27 Male: N = 18 (66.6) Female: N = 9 (33.3) |
Mean: 35 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Robinson et al. [26] (1996) | United Kingdom | Cross-sectional |
N = 312 Male: N = 312 (100) Female: N = 0 |
Mean: 35.9 years | HIV viral load: NA CD4 count: mean 325 cells/mm3 |
NA |
N = 260 Male: N = 260 (100) Female: N = 0 |
Mean: 31.2 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Ndiaye et al. [25] (1997) | Senegal | Cross-sectional | N = 20 Male: N = 0 Female: N = 20 (100) |
Mean: 34 years | HIV viral load: NA CD4 count (mean): 620 × 106/L (range: 102–1.038) |
Without ART: N = 20 (100) |
N = 65 Male: N = 0 Female: N = 65 (100) |
Mean: 33 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Scheutz et al. [29] (1997) | Tanzania | Cross-sectional | N = 191 Male: N = 62 (32.4) Female: N = 129 (67.5) |
Mean age: 35.7 years | HIV viral load: NA CD4 count (mean): Individuals with HIV >500 cells/mm3: 20 20–500 cells/mm3: 47 <200 cells/mm3: 52 AIDS individuals >500 cells/mm3: 7 20–500 cells/mm3: 69 <200 cells/mm3: 96 |
Without ART: N = 191 (100) |
N = 156 Male: N = 136 (87.2) Female: N = 20 (12.8) |
Mean: 28.3 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Robinson et al. [30] (2000) | United Kingdom | Cohort |
N = 19 Male: N = 18 (94.74) Female: N = 1 (5.26) |
Mean: 33.3 years | HIV viral load: NA CD4 count (mean): 339 cells/mm3 |
NA |
N = 19 Male: N = 17 (89.5) Female: N = 2 (10.5) |
Mean: 34.3 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Mulligan et al. [23] (2004) | United States of America | Cross-sectional |
N = 584 Male: N = 0 Female: N = 584 (100) |
Mean: 37 years | HIV viral load: ≤4,000 cp/mL: N = 173 (31) 4,001–50,000 cp/mL: N = 200 (35) >50,000 cp/mL: N = 193 (34) CD4 count: ≤200: N = 151 (27) 201−500: N = 238 (42) >500: N = 175 (31) Unknown N = 18 |
On ART: N = 353 |
N = 151 Male: N = 0 Female: N = 151 (100) |
Mean: 36 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Alves et al. [20] (2006) | United States of America | Cohort |
N = 584 Male: N = 0 (0) Female: N = 584 (100) |
NA | HIV viral load: NA CD4 count: NA |
NA |
N = 151 Male: N = 0 (0) Female: N = 151 (100) |
NA |
|
| ||||||||
| Botero et al. [31] (2007) | Colombia | Cross-sectional |
N = 31 Male: N = 26 (89.9) Female: N = 5 (16.1) |
Mean: 37.3 years | HIV viral load: NA CD4 count: NA |
On ART: N = 22 (70.97) |
N = 64 Male: N = 11 (34.4%) Female: N = 21 (65.6) |
Mean: 40.8 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Gonçalves et al. [32] (2007) | Brazil | Cross-sectional |
N = 72 Male: N = 47 Female: N = 25 |
Mean: Individuals with CP: 40.0 years Individuals with PH: 37.0 years |
HIV viral load: Individuals with CP: 33,071 ± 92,139 cp/mm3 Individuals with PH: 23,960 ± 65,673 cp/mm3 CD4 count: HIV + individuals with PD: 382 ± 268 cells/mm3 HIV + individuals with PH: 333 ± 195 cells/mm3 |
On ART: N = 72 (100) |
N = 100 Male: N = 51 Female: N = 49 |
Mean: Individuals with CP: 43.4 years HIV-individuals with PH: 34.4 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Brito et al. [33] (2008) | Venezuela | Cross-sectional |
N = 32 Male: N = 27 (84.37) Female: N = 5 (15.63) |
Mean: 37.09 | HIV viral load (mean): Individuals on ART: 68,850 ± 184.725 cps/mm3 Individuals without ART: 170,190 ± 189,934 cps/mm3 CD4 count: <200 cells/mm3: N = 11 (34.3) >200 cells/mm3: N = 21 (65.6) |
On ART: N = 21 (21.62) |
N = 16 Male: N = 5 (31.3) Female: N = 11 (68.7) |
Mean: 41.62 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Grande et al. [34] (2008) | Brazil | Cross-sectional |
N = 50 Male: N = 35 (70) Female: N = 15 (30) |
Mean: 41.2 years | HIV viral load: undetectable: N = 29 (58) <10,000 cp/mL: N = 14 (28) >10,000 cp/mL: N = 7 (14) CD4 count: <200 cells/mm3: N = 5 (10) 200–499 cells/mm3: N = 23 (46) >500 cells/mm3: N = 21 (42) Not determined: N = 1 (2) |
On ART: N = 40 (80) |
N = 50 Male: N = 28 (56%) Female: 22 (44%) |
Mean: 41.74 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Nittayananta et al. [35] (2010) | Thailand | Cross-sectional |
N = 157 Male: N = 71 (34.29) Female: N = 86 (65.71) |
Mean: Individuals with short-term ART: 37 years Individuals with long-term ART: 40 years Individuals without ART: 34 years |
HIV viral load (mean): individuals with short-term ART: 21.560 cp/mL Individuals with long-term ART: 5,627 cp/mL Individuals without ART: 782 cp/mL CD4 count: individuals with short-term ART: 250 cells/mm3 individuals with long-term ART: 531 cells/mm3 individuals without ART: 245 cells/mm3 |
On short-term ART: N = 45 On long-term ART: N = 54 Without ART: N = 58 |
N = 50 Male: N = 25 (50) Female: N = 25 (50) |
Mean: 36 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Stojkovic et al. [36] (2011) | Croatia | Cross-sectional |
N = 25 Male: N = 19 (76) Female: N = 6 (24) |
Mean: 40.8 years | HIV viral load: ranging from below 20–1,650,000 cp/mm3 CD4 count (median): 165 cells/mm3 |
NA |
N = 25 Male: N = 18 (72) Female: N = 7 (28) |
Mean: 40.92 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Khamissa et al. [37] (2012) | South Africa | Cross-sectional |
N = 30 Male: N = 10 (33) Female: N = 20 (67) |
18–45 years | HIV viral load: NA CD4 count: Individuals in ART: 172 cells/mm3 ART-naïve individuals: 257 cells/mm3 |
On ART: N = 16 (53.33) |
N = 30 Male: N = 16 (53.3) Female: N = 14 (66.7) |
18–45 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Lourenço et al. [38] (2013) | Brazil | Cross-sectional |
N = 71 Male: N = 30 Female: N = 41 |
Mean: Individuals with PH: N = 40 years Individuals with CP: N = 39 years |
HIV viral load: <50 copies: N = 71 (100) CD4 count: Individuals with PH: 476 cell/mm3 Individuals with CP: 476 cell/mm3 |
On ART: individuals with PH: N = 26 (81) individuals with CP: N = 32 (82) |
N = 38 Male: N = 19 Female: N = 19 |
Mean: Individuals with PH: 33 years Individuals with CP: 38 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Ferreira et al. [21] (2015) | United States of America | Cross-sectional |
N = 28 Male: N = 21 (75) Female: N = 7 (25) |
Median: 41 years | HIV viral load: ranging from 0 to 510,242 cp/mm3 CD4 count (mean): 430 ± 323 cells/mm3 |
Without ART: 28 (100) |
N = 10 Male: N = 6 (60) Female: N = 4 (40) |
Median: 47.5 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Ferreira et al. [22] (2016) | Brazil | Cross-sectional |
N = 11 Male: N = 7 (63.6) Female: N = 4 (36.4) |
Mean: 47.3 years | HIV viral load: undetectable: N = 11 (100) CD4 count (mean): 618 cells/mm3 |
On ART: N = 11 (100%) |
N = 21 Male: N = 10 (47.6) Female: N = 11 (52.4) |
Mean: 45 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Menezes et al. [39] (2018) | Brazil | Cross-sectional |
N = 35 Male: N = 20 (58.4%) Female: N = 15 (41.6%) |
Mean: 47.1 years | HIV viral load: NA CD4 count: NA |
On ART: N = 35 (100) |
N = 35 Male: N = 18 (52.9) Female: N = 17 (47.1) |
Mean: 47 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Spolsky et al. [24] (2018) | United States of America | Cross-sectional |
N = 140 Male: N = 133 (95) Female: N = 7 (5) |
Mean: 45.5 years | HIV viral load: > 50 cp/mm3: 38% CD4 count: <20 cells/mm3: 12% |
On ART: N = 140 (100). |
N = 406 Male: N = 308 (75.9) Female: N = 98 (24.1) |
Mean: 43.8 years |
|
| ||||||||
| Gonçalves et al. [40] (2022) | Brazil | Cross-sectional |
N = 74 Male = 48 (64.9) Female = 26 (35.1) |
18–35 years: N = 25 (34.3) 36–50 years: N = 41 (56.2) >50 years: N = 7 (9.6) |
HIV viral load (cp/mL): <1,000: 21 (58.3) 1,001−10,000: 7 (19.5) >10,000: 8 (22.5) CD4 count: <200: 12 (30) 200−500: 19 (47.5) >500: 9 (22.5) |
On ART: N = 74 (100) |
N = 131 Male: N = 59 (45.0) Female: N = 72 (55.0) |
18–35 years: N = 42 (32.8) 36–50 years: N = 64 (50) >50 years: N = 22 (17.2) |
|
| ||||||||
| Pereira et al. [19] (2023) | Brazil | Cross-sectional |
N = 100 Male = 55 (55) Female = 45 (45) |
Mean: 41.03 | HIV viral load: undetectable (<40 copies/mL): 100 CD4 count (cells/mm3): mean 556.03 |
On ART: N = 100 (100) |
N = 100 Male = 34 (34) Female = 66 (66) |
Mean: 44.81 |
1Country where the study was developed. Abbreviations. ART, antiretroviral therapy; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; ARC, AIDS-related complex; cp/mL, copies/mL; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NA, not available; PD, periodontal disease; PH, periodontal health; and PDU, parenteral drug users.