Table 2.
Periodontal profile assessment of the 23 selected studies, classified by chronological order, comparing HIV-positive, and HIV-negative subjects regarding periodontal parameters.
| Authors (year) | HIV positive | HIV negative | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tobacco use | PPD (mm) |
BOP | CAL (mm) |
GI | PI | Periodontal status | Tobacco use | PPD (mm) |
BOP | CAL (mm) |
GI | PI | Periodontal status | |
| Lucht et al. [18] (1991) | NA | Mean HIV-pos: 2.8 ARC: 3.3 AIDS: 3.5 |
NA | NA | NA | Mean HIV-pos: 28.6% ARC: 26.5% AIDS: 36.1% |
NA | NA | Mean: 2.7 | NA | NA | NA | Mean: 43.7% | NA |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Grbic et al. [27] (1995) | NA | Mean > 4 mm HIV: 24.2 HIV + PDU: 34.0 |
Mean HIV: 22.7% HIV + PDU: 31.2% |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Mean > 4 mm 21.4 PDU: 36.7 |
Mean 24.9% PDU: 40.8% |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Smith et al. [28] (1995) | Smokers: N = 14 (48.3%) | NA | Median: 10.70 | Sites > 3 mm: 818 | NA | Median: 60.3 | NA | Smokers: N = 15 (55.6%) | NA | Median: 8.30 | Sites > 3 mm: 295 | NA | Median 60.0 | NA |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Robinson et al. [26] (1996) | NA | Sites ≥4 mm: N = 159 (51.0%) | Sites: N = 301 (96.5%) | Sites ≥ 4 mm: N = 186 (59.6%) | Mean score: 2 (63.8%) |
NA | PD: 159 (51) PH: 153 (49) |
NA | Sites ≥ 4 mm: N = 83 (31.9%) | Sites: N = 240 (92.3%) | Sites ≥ 4 mm: N = 74 (28.5%) | Mean score: 2 (46.1%) | NA | PD: 83 (31.9) PH: 177 |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Ndiaye et al. [25] (1997) | NA | Mean 2.9 | NA | Mean 2.9 | Mean percentage of sites with score >1: 44% | Mean 41% | Severe PD: 7 | Smokers: N = 45 (71) | 2.7 | NA | 2.7 | Mean percentage of sites with score >1: 33% | Mean 41% | Severe PD: 3 |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Scheutz et al. [29] (1997) | NA | Number of HIV individuals with two or more sites with >3 mm: 62 (52.1%) Number of AIDS individuals with two or more sites with >3 mm: 38 (52%) |
Number of HIV individuals with two or more sites: 68 (57.14%) Number of AIDS individuals with two or more: 41(56.2%) |
Number of HIV individuals with two or more sites with >3 mm: 73(61.3%) Number of AIDS individuals with two or more sites with >3 mm: 49 (67.1%) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | Individuals with two or more sites with >3 mm: 70 (44.8%) |
Individuals with two or more sites: 76 (48.7%) |
Individuals with two or more sites with >3 mm: 96 (61.5%) |
NA | NA | NA |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Robinson et al. [30] (2000) | Smokers: N = 12 (63.2%) | NA | NA | Number of individuals with ≥4 mm: 14 (73.7%) | NA | Mean proportion of surfaces: 0.73 | NA | Smokers: N = 2 (10.5%) | NA | NA | Number of individuals with ≥4 mm: 3 (15.8%) | NA | Mean proportion of surfaces: 0.63 | NA |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Mulligan et al. [23] (2004) | Smokers: N = 347 (61%) Former: N = 84 (15%) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | Number of individuals with positive PI: 524 (89.7%) | NA | Smokers: N = 102 (69%) Former: N = 23 (16%) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | Number of individuals with positive PI: 139 (92%) | NA |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Alves et al. [20] (2006) | Smokers: N = 413 (70%) | Mean: 2.1 | NA | Mean: 1.6 | NA | NA | NA | Smokers: N = 110 (82%) | Mean: 2.0 | NA | Mean: 1.2 | NA | NA | NA |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Botero et al. [31] (2007) | NA | Mean 4.5 | Mean 56.1% | NA | Mean score: 1.9 | NA | PD: 31 | NA | Mean PD: 3.6 PH: 2.4 |
Mean PD: 40.9% PH: 8.9% |
NA | Mean score: PD: 1.6 PH: 0.4 | NA | PD: 32 PH: 32 |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Gonçalves et al. [32] (2007) | Smokers with: PD: 23.5% PH: 32.4% |
Mean PD: 2.3 PH: 1.8 |
Mean PD: 38.9% PH: 14.6% |
Mean PD: 2.6 PH: 2.0 |
NA | Mean PD: 41.2% PH: 20.5% |
PD: 37 PH: 35 |
Smokers with: PD: 28.6% PH: 0.0% |
Mean PD: 3.3 PH: 2.0 |
Mean PD: 44.3% PH: 3.7% |
Mean: PD: 3.8 PH: 2.1 |
NA | Mean PD: 62.9% PH: 17.4% |
PD: 49 PH: 51 |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Brito et al. [33] (2008) | NA | Mean: 3.0 | NA | Mean: 3.3 | Mean score: 1.56 | Mean: 1.4 | PD: 32 (100%) | NA | Mean: 3.6 | NA | Mean: 3.8 | Mean score: 1.55 | Mean: 1.22 | PD: 16 (100%) |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Grande et al. [34] (2008) | Smokers: N = 15 (30%) | Mean GI: 1.88 PD: 2.63 |
NA | Mean GI: 2.25 PD: 3.21 |
NA | Mean: GI: 43.72% PD: 45.33% |
PD: 27 GI: 23 |
Smokers: N = 17 (34%) | Mean 2.98 | NA | Mean: 3.45 | NA | Mean: 42.23% | PD: 50 |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Nittayananta et al. [35] (2010) | Smokers with: 73 (46.5%) |
Number of individuals with ≥4 mm: 127 (82%) |
Number of individuals: 146 (94%) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | Smokers: N = 34 (68%) | Number of Individuals with ≥4 mm: 45 (85%) |
Number of individuals: 46 (96%) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Stojkovic et al. [36] (2011) | Smokers: N = 15 (60%) | Mean: 2.2 | NA | Mean: 2.6 | NA | Mean Males: 94.2% Females: 86.7% |
NA | Smokers: N = 10 (40%) | Mean: 1.4 | NA | Mean: 2.1 | NA | Mean Males: 45.7% Females: 42.6% |
NA |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Khamissa et al. [37] (2012) | Smokers: N = 3 (10%) | Mean: 3.205 | Mean: 47.3% | NA | NA | Mean: 75.6% | PD: 30 (100%) | Smokers: N = 5 (16.7%) | Mean: 3.196 | Mean: 50.3% | NA | NA | Mean: 75.2% | PD: 30 (100%) |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Lourenço et al. [38] (2013) | Smokers PH: 13% PD: 34% |
Mean sites with ≥4 mm: PH: N/R PD: 1.4 |
Mean sites: PH: 9 PD: 32 |
NA | NA | NA | PD: 39 PH: 32 |
Smokers PH: 9% PD: 18% |
Mean sites with ≥4 mm: PH: N/R PD: 1.3 |
Mean sites: PH: 10 PD: 35 |
NA | NA | NA | PH: 22 PD: 16 |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Ferreira et al. [21] (2015) | Smokers N = 20 (71%) |
Mean: 2.5 | Mean: 48.3% | Mean: 2.9 | NA | Mean: 65.8% | PD: 28 (100%) | Smokers: N = 3 (30%) | Mean: 2.7 | Mean: 54.3% | Mean: 3.2 | NA | Mean: 60.3% | PD: 10 (100%) |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Ferreira et al. [22] (2016) | NA | Mean: 2.7 | Mean: 34.8% | Mean: 3.0 | NA | Mean: 58% | PD: 11 (100%) | NA | Mean: 3.7 | Mean: 63.4% | Mean: 4.0 | NA | Mean: 75.8% | PD: 21 (100%) |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Menezes et al. [39] (2018) | Smokers: 0% | Mean: 6.6 | NA | Mean: 7.1 | NA | NA | PD: 35 (100%) | NA | Mean: 5.9 | NA | Mean: 6.4 | NA | NA | PD: 35 (100%) |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Spolsky et al. [24] (2018) | Smokers: N = 86 (61.4%) Former: N = 20 (14.3%) |
NA | NA | Mean: 2.58 | NA | NA | NA | Smokers: N = 286 (70.4%) Former: N = 32 (7.9%) |
NA | NA | Mean: 2.66 | NA | NA | NA |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Gonçalves et al. [40] (2022) | Smokers: N = 32 (45.7%) | ≥3 sites with ≥ 5 mm: 37 (50%) |
>10%: 57 (77%) | NA | NA | >10%: 58 (78.4%) | PH: 37 (50%) PD: 37 (50%) |
Smokers: N = 37 (28.9) | ≥3 sites with ≥ 5 mm: 72 (55%) |
>10%: 74 (56.5%) | NA | NA | >10%: 108 (83.1%) | PH: 59 (45%) PD: 72 (55%) |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Pereira et al. [19] (2023) | Smokers: N = 84 (84%) Former: N = 75 (75%) |
NA | Mean: 40.67% | NA | NA | Mean: 41.74% | PH: 46 (46%) PD: 54 (54%) |
Smokers: N = 12 (12%) Former: N = 16 (16%) | NA | Mean: 38.33% | NA | NA | Mean: 45.12% | PH: 73 (73%) PD: 27 (27%) |
Abbreviations. ART, antiretroviral therapy; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; ARC, AIDS-related complex; cp/mL, copies/mL; GI, gingivitis; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NA, not available; PH, periodontal health; PD, periodontal disease; PH, periodontal health; and PDU, parenteral drug users.