Table 2a.
Covariates and their association with chronic placental inflammation types among males.
| No Pathology (ref) N= 255 N (%) | Chronic choriodeciduitis N= 55 N (%) | Chronic villitis N=158 N (%) | Decidual plasma cells N=42 N (%) | Chronic inflammation of basal plate with anchoring villitis N=105 N (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Covariates | |||||
| Maternal BMI | |||||
| < 18.5 (underweight) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| 18.5 – 24.99 (healthy) | 28 (11) | 3 (6) | 15 (10) | 4 (10) | 11 (10) |
| 25.0 – 29.99 (overweight) | 89 (35) | 14 (25) | 49 (31) | 14 (33) | 30 (29) |
| 30+ (obese) | 137 (54) | 38 (69) | 94 (59) | 24 (57) | 63 (61) |
| NICU Admission | |||||
| No | 245 (96) | 48 (87) | 145 (92) | 40 (95) | 100 (95) |
| Yes | 10 (4) | 7 (13)* | 13 (8) | 2 (5) | 5 (5) |
| Mode of Delivery | |||||
| NSVD or VAVD | 177 (69) | 34 (62) | 117 (74) | 31 (74) | 71 (68) |
| CS | 78 (31) | 21 (38) | 41 (26) | 11 (26) | 34 (32) |
| Race | |||||
| Unknown | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| White/Caucasian | 83 (32) | 14 (25) | 50 (31) | 18 (43) | 38 (36) |
| Black/African American | 158 (62) | 37 (67) | 88 (56) | 20 (47) | 61 (58) |
| Asian | 12 (5) | 3 (6) | 14 (9) | 2 (5) | 5 (5) |
| Native American/ | |||||
| Alaskan/Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 2 (1) | 1 (2) | 3 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Other | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | 2(5)* | 1 (1) |
| Insurance | |||||
| Private | 109 (43) | 24 (44) | 50 (32) | 15 (36) | 33 (31) |
| Medicaid | 129 (50) | 27 (49) | 87 (55) | 24 (57) | 61 (58) |
| Self-pay | 17 (7) | 4 (7) | 21 (13)* | 3 (7) | 11 (10) |
| Previous Preterm Delivery | |||||
| No | 242 (95) | 54 (98) | 149 (94) | 40 (95) | 97 (93) |
| Yes | 13 (5) | 1 (2) | 9 (6) | 2 (5) | 7 (7) |
| Gravida | |||||
| 1–2 | 134 (53) | 26 (47) | 82 (52) | 21 (50) | 59 (56) |
| 3+ | 121 (47) | 29 (53) | 76 (48) | 21 (50) | 46 (44) |
| Para | |||||
| 0 | 109 (43) | 24 (44) | 84 (53) | 20 (48) | 49 (47) |
| 1–2 | 127 (50) | 28 (51) | 65 (41) | 18 (43) | 49 (47) |
| 3+ | 19 (7) | 3 (5) | 9 (6) | 4 (9) | 7 (6) |
| Spontaneous abortions | |||||
| 0 | 175 (69) | 38 (69) | 113 (72) | 32 (76) | 83 (80) |
| 1–2 | 68 (27) | 13 (24) | 35 (22) | 8 (19) | 20 (19) |
| 3+ | 10 (4) | 4 (7) | 9 (6) | 2 (5) | 1 (1) |
| Pregestational diabetes mellitus (DM)/gestational DM | |||||
| No | 229 (90) | 47 (85) | 134 (85) | 38 (90) | 92 (88) |
| Yes | 26 (10) | 8 (15) | 24 (15) | 4 (10) | 12 (12) |
| Preeclampsia | |||||
| No | 229 (90) | 48 (87) | 144 (91) | 40 (95) | 101 (96) |
| Yes | 26 (10) | 7 (13) | 14 (9) | 2 (5) | 4 (4)* |
| Gestational hypertension (GHTN) | |||||
| No | 253 (99) | 54 (98) | 157 (99) | 42 (100) | 102 (97) |
| Yes | 2 (1) | 1 (2) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 3 (3) |
| Chronic hypertension (CHTN) | |||||
| No | 244 (96) | 51 (93) | 154 (97) | 42 (100) | 104 (99) |
| Yes | 11 (4) | 4 (7) | 4 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) |
| Superimposed preeclampsia (SIPE) | |||||
| No | 248 (97) | 53 (96) | 156 (99) | 42 (100) | 105 (100) |
| Yes | 7 (3) | 2 (4) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
No Pathology defined as the absence of all placental histopathology types: acute inflammation in maternal or fetal tissues, chronic placental inflammation, fetal vascular pathology or malperfusion, maternal uteroplacental vascular malperfusion, and villous dysmaturity.
P-values reported for chi-square test of independence or Fisher's exact test when applicable.
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.01
***
p < 0.001