Figure 4. The permeation enhancement effects of ML.

a The ex vivo cumulative permeation of ciprofloxacin across healthy chinchilla TMs for hydrogels containing 18% w/v P407, 4% w/v ciprofloxacin, and various CPEs (n = 4). Data are mean ± SD; statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s test vs. [P407 + cip], ** p < 0.01.

b Left: an illustration of the supported lipid bilayer (SLB) formed on a PEDOT:PSS-coated electrode, its equivalent electrical circuit, and illustrative impedance data showing the signature “chair-like” signal for SLB. Right: representative impedance measurements taken for the SLB-free electrode (baseline) and the as-formed 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) SLB.

c The fold changes in the SLB impedance before and after the treatment with the hydrogel formulations calculated by fitting the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data using the sample circuit shown in [b]. Data are mean ± SD, n = 3; statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test, ns = non-significant, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.

d Representative microelectrode EIS measurements before SLB formation (baseline), after SLB formation (POPC SLB), and after the SLB was incubated with diluted [P407], [P407 + cip], [P407 + ML], or [P407 + cip + ML] formulation.