Table 1.
Comparison of selected individual and community level characteristics by race and ethnicity.
| White individuals (1,711,707) N (%) |
Black individuals (203,452) N (%) |
Hispanic individuals (153,778) N (%) |
Total (2,068,937) N (%) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average prevalence of tele-EM use per quarter a | 385,134 (22.5) |
48,422 (23.8) |
41,366 (26.9) |
474,892 (23.0) |
| Individual-level characteristics b | ||||
| Age (Mean [SD]) | 80.6 (10.9) |
76.9 (13.2) |
79.5 (12.0) |
80.1 (11.3) |
| Male | 673,962 (39.4) |
76,475 (37.6) |
56,020 (36.4) |
806,457 (39.0) |
| Female | 1,037,745 (60.6) |
126,977 (62.4) |
97,758 (63.6) |
1,262,480 (61.0) |
| Medicare-Medicaid Dual status | 318,932 (8.6) |
91,363 (44.9) |
96,671 (62.9) |
506,966 (24.5) |
| Hypertension | 1,305,473 (76.3) |
162,204 (79.7) |
112,508 (73.2) |
1,580,185 (76.4) |
| Depression | 773,801 (45.2) |
65,645 (32.3) |
60,628 (39.4) |
900,074 (43.5) |
| Schizophrenia | 118,202 (6.9) |
22,753 (1.2) |
12,125 (7.9) |
153,080 (7.4) |
| Community-level characteristics (all the following variables are constructed at the zip-code level) b, c | ||||
| Deprived communities (ADI>=85) | 83,356 (4.9) |
33,169 (6.3) |
12,010 (7.8) |
128,535 (6.2) |
| Percentage of Black individuals | ||||
| Low (<=2.26) | 630,433 (36.8) |
6,191 (3.1) |
50,044 (32.5) |
686,668 (33.2) |
| Middle (2.26 – 9.23] | 601,575 (35.1) |
25,521 (2.5) |
55,952 (36.4) |
683,048 (33.0) |
| High (>9.23) | 479,699 (28.1) |
171,740 (84.4) |
47,782 (31.1) |
699,221 (33.8) |
| Percentage of Hispanic individuals | ||||
| Low (<= 4.29) | 629,449 (36.8) |
73,114 (35.9) |
6,282 (4.1) |
708,845 (34.3) |
| Medium (4.29 - 12.18] | 614,991 (35.9) |
62,236 (30.6) |
18,983 (12.3) |
696,210 (33.7) |
| High (>12.18) | 467,267 (27.3) |
68,102 (33.5) |
128,513 (83.6) |
663,882 (32.1) |
| Percentage of individuals with education level less than high school | ||||
| Low (<= 6.29) | 644,899 (37.7) |
31,274 (15.4) |
22,135 (14.4) |
698,308 (33.8) |
| Medium (6.29 - 12.93] | 603,487 (35.3) |
59,519 (29.3) |
33,138 (21.5) |
696,144 (33.6) |
| High (>12.93) | 463,321 (27.1) |
112,659 (55.4) |
98,505 (64.1) |
674,485 (32.6) |
| Percentage of households with Broadband subscription | ||||
| Low (<= 79.50) | 519,761 (30.4) |
107,806 (53.0) |
65,462 (42.5) |
693,029 (33.5) |
| Medium (79.50 - 87.30] | 583,924 (34.1) |
54,230 (26.7) |
49,134 (32.0) |
687,288 (33.2) |
| High (>87.30) | 608,022 (35.5) |
41,416 (20.3) |
39,182 (25.5) |
688,620 (33.3) |
| Percentage of individuals with primary language not English | ||||
| Low (<=2.10) | 632,266 (36.9) |
64,029 (31.5) |
8,346 (5.4) |
704,641 (34.1) |
| Medium (2.19 - 5.90] | 624,579 (36.5) |
67,902 (33.4) |
24,694 (16.1) |
717,175 (34.7) |
| High (>5.90) | 454,862 (26.6) |
71,521 (35.2) |
120,738 (78.5) |
647,121 (31.3) |
All the numbers in the cells indicate Number (percentage), except for age, which is presented as mean (standard deviation [SD]).
a
Tele-EM represents outpatient evaluation and management via telemedicine. The average prevalence of tele-EM use per quarter were calculated by averaging the tele-EM use rates for the quarters during the entire study period.
b
We only included a selected set of variables in this Table. The distribution of the full set of variables are listed in supplementary table 1.
c
Among community-level characteristics with three levels, “(a, b]” for the medium level means “a < the variable value <= b”.