Figure 1. Schematic workflow of the study.

(A) Meniscal specimens harvested from the central region of a meniscus. (B) Viability of vitrified samples was improved by extending CPA loading time. (C) A simulation model was established to investigate CPA diffusion kinetics within meniscal tissues. (D) Using the established model, the penetration of CPAs throughout the whole meniscus and TMJ disc was predicted and used for vitrification (E). After convectional warming (F), the whole knee meniscus including anterior horn (A), central (C), and posterior horn (P), and the whole TMJ disc including anterior (A), central (C), posterior (P), medial (M), and lateral (L), were investigated for viability, metabolic activity, histological analysis, and mechanical properties (G).