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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2024 Apr 30;99(5):1772–1790. doi: 10.1111/brv.13091

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Melatonin synthesis pathways in different species. (A) Biosynthetic pathway in plants. (B) Biosynthetic pathway in animals. AADC, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase; AcCoA, acetyl coenzyme A; ASMT, acetylserotonin-O-methyltransferase; BH3OH, 4α-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin; BH4, (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin; CoA, coenzyme A; COMT, caffeic acid-O-methyltransferase; HIOMT, hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase; PLP, pyridoxal 5-phosphate; PMP, pyridoxamine phosphate; SAH, S-adenosyl homocysteine; SAM, S-adenosyl methionine; SNAT, serotonin N-acetyltransferase; T5H, tryptamine 5-hydroxylase; TDC, tryptophan decarboxylase; TPH, tryptophan hydroxylase.