Table 1.

Molecular masses (m/z) detected in honey and in Drosophila melanogaster by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) corresponding to vitamins D3 and D2, lumisterol3 (L3), lumisterol2 (L2), tachysterol3 (T3) and their derivatives and precursors.

Compound	Honey	D. melanogaster
D3	1407.329 [M+Na]+	2367.337 [M+H-H2O]+
20(OH)D3	1423.324 [M+Na]+	3383.331 [M+H-H2O]+
25(OH)D3	1383.331 [M+H-H2O]+	2401.342 [M+H]+
1,20(OH)2D3*	1439.319 [M+Na]+	2399.326 [M+H-H2O]+
1,25(OH)2D3	1399.326 [M+H-H2O]+	2399.326 [M+H-H2O]+
20,23(OH)2D3	2439.319 [M+Na]+	3439.319 [M+Na]+
D2	2397.347 [M+H]+	3397.347 [M+H]+
20(OH)D2	2395.331 [M+H-H2O]+	2413.342 [M+H]+
25(OH)D2	2413.342 [M+H]+	3395.331 [M+H-H2O]+
1,20(OH)2D2	2411.326 [M+H-H2O]+	2411.326 [M+H-H2O]+
1,25(OH)2D2	2451.319 [M+Na]+	2411.326 [M+H-H2O]+
17,20(OH)2D2	4411.326 [M+H-H2O]+	2411.326 [M+H-H2O]+
L3**	1385.347 [M+H]+	2385.347 [M+H]+
20(OH)L3	2423.324 [M+Na]+	2401.342 [M+H]+
25(OH)L3	2383.331 [M+H-H2O]+	(−)
(25R)-27(OH)L3	2401.342 [M+H]+	2401.342 [M+H]+
(25S)-27(OH)L3	2383.331 [M+H-H2O]+ (?)	(−)
L2	3397.347 [M+H]+	3379.337 [M+H-H2O]+
24(OH)L2	2395.331 [M+H-H2O]+	(−)
28(OH)L2	3413.342 [M+H]+	3413.342 [M+H]+
T3	2367.337 [M+H-H2O]+	2367.337 [M+H-H2O]+
20(OH)T3	2401.342 [M+H]+	2383.331 [M+H-H2O]+
25(OH)T3	2383.331 [M+H-H2O]+	2401.342 [M+H]+
7-DHC	1407.329 [M+Na]+	3367.337 [M+H-H2O]+
20(OH)-7DHC	1383.331 [M+H-H2O]+	2383.331 [M+H-H2O]+
7-DHP	2315.232 [M+H]+	2315.232 [M+H]+
Ergosterol	2379.337 [M+H-H2O]+	2379.337 [M+H-H2O]+

7-DHC, 7-dehydrocholesterol; 7-DHP, 7-dehydropregnenolone; (−), not detected.

^*m/z of 399.326 [M+H-H₂O]⁺ also detected for honey.

^**385.347 [M+H]⁺ also detected for honey.

¹Detection procedure as reported in Kim et al. (2020).

^2–4QTof LC-MS detection of m/z with retention times corresponding to listed standards as described previously (Kim et al., 2022, 2020; Slominski et al., 2022, 2017a), or with modifications as described below.

²An Eclipse Plus C18 column (1.8 μm, 2.1 × 100 mm; Agilent Technology, Santa Clara, CA, USA) was used with methanol/water solvent containing 0.1% formic acid: 0–2 min, 85% methanol; 2–8 min, 85–97% methanol; 8–11 min, 97% methanol; 11–12 min, 85% methanol; 12–16 min, 85% methanol, all at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min.

³An ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 μm, 2.1 × 50 mm; Waters, Milford, MA, USA) was used with methanol/water solvent containing 0.1% formic acid: 0–1 min, 40% methanol; 1–1.1 min, 40–85% methanol; 1.1–3 min, 85–97% methanol; 3–5 min, 97% methanol; 5–5.5 min, 97–40% methanol; 5.5–7 min 40% methanol, all at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min.

⁴An Atlantis T3 C18 column (5μm, 4.6 × 100 mm; Waters, Milford, MA, USA) was used with methanol/water solvent containing 0.1% formic acid: 0–20 min, 857–100% methanol; 20–30 min, 100% methanol; 30–30.5 min, 100–85% methanol; 30.5–35 min, 85% methanol, all at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min.