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. 2024 Aug 20;11:1404543. doi: 10.3389/frobt.2024.1404543

TABLE 1.

Summary of test and evaluation results.

Technology Hardness range (shore units) (A) Hardness uniformity (shore units) (A) Response time (seconds) Actuator volume (mm3) Cost (approx USD)
Constriction 57 ± 7.1 0.741 1,076,320 30
Compression 42.5 ± 2.1 0.270 600,328 30
Magnetism 15 ± 4.5 <0.05 353,648 230
Vacuum (regulated) 36 ± 1.1 2.16 6,640,881 450