Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of all subjects.
| Control | HF | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 100 | n = 300 | ||
| Clinical features | |||
| Men, n (%) | 74 (74.0) | 234 (78.0) | 0.410 |
| Age (years) | 63 ± 13 | 65 ± 13 | 0.397 |
| NYHA class | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.74 ± 0.68 | <0.001 |
| Medical history | |||
| AF, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 70 (23.3) | <0.001 |
| Coronary disease, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 168 (56.0) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 186 (62.0) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (6.3) | 0.010 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (5.0) | 0.023 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 106 (35.3) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 35 (11.7) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory values | |||
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.92 ± 0.21 | 1.34 ± 0.70 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.18 ± 0.53 | 4.05 ± 1.18 | 0.138 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.77 ± 0.32 | 1.09 ± 0.27 | <0.001 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.19 ± 0.39 | 2.47 ± 1.01 | <0.001 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 5.30 ± 0.21 | 6.42 ± 2.70 | <0.001 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 15.10 ± 3.72 | 32.02 ± 59.27 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 86.33 ± 12.15 | 66.99 ± 25.77 | <0.001 |
| Phenylalanine (umol/L) | 77.60 ± 8.67 | 97.03 ± 29.15 | <0.001 |
HF, heart failure; NYHA New York Heart Association; AF, atrial fibrillation; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; ALT, alanine transaminase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.