Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of HF patients according to the tertiles of Phe value.
| (umol/L) | Phe ≤ 80.94 | 81.07 ≤ Phe ≤ 103.97 | Phe ≥ 104.05 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 100) | (n = 100) | (n = 100) | ||
| Demographic and clinical features | ||||
| Men, n (%) | 77 (77.0) | 76 (76.0) | 81 (81.0) | 0.665 |
| Age (years) | 63 ± 14 | 66 ± 13 | 65 ± 12 | 0.354 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.43 ± 3.11 | 24.28 ± 4.86 | 24.42 ± 3.82 | 0.958 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 130.12 ± 21.68 | 126.93 ± 21.77 | 124.40 ± 22.64 | 0.186 |
| Diastolic BP(mmHg) | 76.51 ± 15.80 | 76.24 ± 14.75 | 75.28 ± 13.97 | 0.828 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 81.83 ± 17.01 | 80.97 ± 15.80 | 83.58 ± 18.93 | 0.554 |
| NYHA class II, n (%) | 51 (51.0) | 39 (39.0) | 28 (28.0) | 0.022 |
| III, n (%) | 37 (37.0) | 49 (49.0) | 56 (56.0) | |
| IV, n (%) | 12 (12.0) | 12 (12.0) | 16 (16.0) | |
| Medical history | ||||
| Smoking, n (%) | 41 (41.0) | 33 (33.0) | 26 (26.0) | 0.079 |
| Drinking, n (%) | 29 (29.0) | 22 (22.0) | 20 (20.0) | 0.290 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 15 (15.0) | 23 (23.0) | 32 (32.0) | 0.018 |
| Coronary disease, n (%) | 60 (60.0) | 58 (58.0) | 50 (50.0) | 0.321 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 62 (62.0) | 59 (59.0) | 65 (65.0) | 0.682 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 7 (7.0) | 9 (9.0) | 3 (3.0) | 0.207 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 3 (3.0) | 8 (8.0) | 4 (4.0) | 0.229 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 36 (36.0) | 37 (37.0) | 33 (33.0) | 0.827 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 13 (13.0) | 12 (12.0) | 10 (10.0) | 0.797 |
| Echocardiography and laboratory values | ||||
| Left atrial diameter (mm) | 44.89 ± 6.18 | 45.22 ± 7.03 | 45.93 ± 7.12 | 0.542 |
| Left ventricular: EDD (mm) | 61.09 ± 7.67 | 61.08 ± 8.43 | 61.96 ± 9.06 | 0.697 |
| ESD (mm) | 49.25 ± 8.51 | 49.51 ± 9.06 | 50.48 ± 9.65 | 0.602 |
| EF% | 37.18 ± 8.39 | 36.83 ± 8.72 | 35.65 ± 8.53 | 0.416 |
| Log NT-proBNP | 3.24 ± 0.68 | 3.22 ± 0.63 | 3.29 ± 0.74 | 0.755 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.34 ± 0.72 | 1.36 ± 0.79 | 1.32 ± 0.58 | 0.925 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.97 ± 1.16 | 4.00 ± 1.16 | 4.17 ± 1.23 | 0.425 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.09 ± 0.27 | 1.10 ± 0.26 | 1.07 ± 0.29 | 0.643 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.40 ± 0.98 | 2.42 ± 0.98 | 2.61 ± 1.05 | 0.287 |
| HbA1c% | 6.46 ± 1.34 | 6.67 ± 1.60 | 6.46 ± 1.22 | 0.500 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 26.82 ± 22.24 | 26.44 ± 22.93 | 42.87 ± 97.17 | 0.083 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 71.61 ± 27.33 | 65.88 ± 25.26 | 63.57 ± 24.26 | 0.078 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 7.53 ± 11.85 | 6.50 ± 11.70 | 22.51 ± 48.35 | 0.001 |
| Tyrosine(umol/L) | 63.21 ± 14.04 | 76.05 ± 19.64 | 88.65 ± 28.72 | <0.001 |
| Fisher's ratio | 3.59 ± 0.96 | 3.46 ± 0.86 | 2.94 ± 0.77 | <0.001 |
| Medications | ||||
| ACEI/ARB/ARNI, n (%) | 80 (80.0) | 68 (68.0) | 80 (80.0) | 0.072 |
| Beta-blocker, n (%) | 89 (89.0) | 85 (85.0) | 83 (83.0) | 0.468 |
| Calcium antagonist, n (%) | 13 (13.0) | 9 (9.0) | 11 (11.0) | 0.665 |
| Digoxin, n (%) | 2 (2.0) | 6 (6.0) | 8 (8.0) | 0.157 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 56 (56.0) | 62 (62.0) | 51 (51.0) | 0.291 |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 49 (49.0) | 42 (42.0) | 38 (38.0) | 0.282 |
| Anticoagulant, n (%) | 19 (19.0) | 34 (34.0) | 33 (33.0) | 0.032 |
| Statins, n (%) | 73 (73.0) | 75 (75.0) | 65 (65.0) | 0.257 |
| Hypoglycemic drugs, n (%) | 35(35.0) | 38(38.0) | 32(32.0) | 0.673 |
HF, heart failure; Phe, phenylalanine; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; NYHA, New York Heart Association; AF, atrial fibrillation; EDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; ESD, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; EF, ejection fraction; NT-proBNP, N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; ALT, alanine transaminase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor. Fischer's ratio, the sum of valine, isoleucine, and leucine divided by the sum of phenylalanine and tyrosine.