Figure 2.

Macrophage polarization in wound healing. Macrophages can polarize to M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype or M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype. Stimulated by interferon γ (IFN-γ), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), M1 macrophages dominate in the early stages of wound healing. They produce pro-inflammatory mediators that promote the initial inflammation response. When the wound begins to repair, M2 macrophages are activated by IL-4 or IL-13 to produce anti-inflammatory factors. This figure was created with the aid of Biorender (https://biorender.com/).