Table 1.
Characteristics of Colorectal cancer survivors for the total population and stratified by calcium intake.
| Total population | Low dietary calcium intakea | High dietary calcium intakea | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 18952 | N = 6755 | N = 6330 | |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 67.0 [60.0, 73.0] | 69.0 [63.0, 75.0] | 69.0 [62.0, 75.0] |
| Sex (male) | 9516 (50) | 3334 (49) | 2905 (46) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.7 [24.1, 29.8] | 26.6 [24.0, 29.4] | 26.4 [24.0, 29.5] |
| Unknown | 248 | 114 | 87 |
| Self-reported race | |||
| Caucasian | 17885 (94) | 6553 (97) | 6186 (98) |
| Other | 161 (1) | 50 (1) | 30 (0) |
| Unknown | 906 (5) | 152 (2) | 114 (2) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Current smoker | 2351 (12) | 859 (13) | 693 (11) |
| Former smoker | 7913 (42) | 2917 (43) | 2757 (44) |
| Never smoker | 8064 (43) | 2843 (42) | 2764 (44) |
| Unknown | 624 (3) | 136 (2) | 116 (2) |
| Education | |||
| Very low | 3458 (18) | 1486 (22) | 1076 (17) |
| Low | 4289 (23) | 1872 (28) | 1548 (25) |
| Medium | 4715 (25) | 1494 (22) | 1554 (25) |
| High | 5608 (30) | 1835 (27) | 2080 (33) |
| Unknown | 882 (5) | 68 (1) | 72 (1) |
| Dietary calcium intake (mg/day) | 694 [467, 995] | 488 [334, 653] | 1001 [752, 1267] |
| Unknown | 5867 | 0 | 0 |
| Calcium supplement use | |||
| <1 pill (<500 mg/day) | 9755 (52) | 2133 (32) | 2168 (34) |
| ≥1 pill (≥500 mg/day) | 2082 (11) | 758 (11) | 911 (14) |
| Unknown | 7115 (38) | 3864 (57) | 3251 (51) |
| Total calcium intakec (mg/day) | 991 [658, 1457] | 658 [484, 990] | 1294 [978, 1719] |
| Unknown | 12982 | 3864 | 3251 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1843 [1430, 2347] | 1590 [1 (232, 2003] | 2123 [1701, 2702] |
| Unknown | 9109 | 1822 | 1420 |
| Total folate intake (µg/day) | 485 [236, 895] | 353 [245, 848] | 554 [361, 1095] |
| Unknown | 2878 | 1627 | 1251 |
| Fiber intake (g/day) | 20 [14, 26] | 17 [13, 22] | 22 [17, 30] |
| Unknown | 9057 | 1790 | 1400 |
| Red meat intake (portion/day) | 0.6 [0.3, 0.9] | 0.7 [0.4, 1.0] | 0.7 [0.4, 1.1] |
| Unknown | 415 | 93 | 73 |
| Processed meat intake (portion/day) | 0.2 [0.1, 0.6] | 0.3 [0.1, 0.6] | 0.3 [0.1, 0.6] |
| Unknown | 3037 | 96 | 68 |
| Vegetable intake (portion/day) | 1.5 [1.0, 3.0] | 1.7 [1.1, 3.0] | 2.2 [1.1, 3.9] |
| Unknown | 411 | 109 | 87 |
| Fruit intake (portion/day) | 1.4 [0.9, 2.5] | 1.0 [0.6, 2.0] | 1.8 [1.0, 2.8] |
| Unknown | 477 | 122 | 98 |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 3.8 [0.0, 16.0] | 3.9 [0.0, 16.5] | 2.9 [0.0, 13.5] |
| Unknown | 338 | 46 | 45 |
| Family history | |||
| No | 11297 (60) | 4410 (65) | 4161 (66) |
| Yes | 2624 (14) | 844 (13) | 855 (14) |
| Unknown | 5031 (27) | 1501 (22) | 1314 (21) |
| Stage of disease | |||
| Stage 1 or local | 3654 (19) | 1580 (23) | 1586 (25) |
| Stage 2/3 or regional | 7325 (39) | 3170 (47) | 2959 (47) |
| Stage 4 or distant | 1625 (9) | 748 (11) | 653 (10) |
| Unknown | 6348 (34) | 1257 (19) | 1132 (18) |
| Tumor location | |||
| Distal colon | 5649 (30) | 2051 (30) | 1881 (30) |
| Proximal colon | 7116 (38) | 2632 (39) | 2700 (43) |
| Rectum | 4192 (22) | 1441 (21) | 1177 (19) |
| Unknown | 1995 (11) | 631 (9) | 572 (9) |
| Aspirine use | |||
| No | 6655 (35) | 2650 (39) | 2192 (35) |
| Yes | 3551 (19) | 1375 (20) | 1253 (20) |
| Unknown | 8746 (46) | 2730 (40) | 2885 (46) |
| NSAID use | |||
| No | 7957 (42) | 3099 (46) | 2620 (41) |
| Yes | 1274 (7) | 389 (6) | 377 (6) |
| Unknown | 9721 (51) | 3267 (48) | 3333 (53) |
| Diabetes | |||
| No | 15699 (83) | 5442 (81) | 5071 (80) |
| Yes | 1707 (9) | 581 (9) | 563 (9) |
| Unknown | 1546 (8) | 732 (11) | 696 (11) |
| CRC-specific deaths | |||
| Yes | 4194 (22) | 1490 (22) | 1398 (22) |
| Unknown | 372 (2) | 112 (2) | 95 (2) |
| Deaths | 6801 (36) | 2404 (36) | 2249 (36) |
| Cohort (Acronym) | |||
| CCFR | 3564 (19) | 402 (6) | 431 (7) |
| CPSII | 1453 (8) | 781 (12) | 672 (11) |
| DACHS | 2878 (15) | 1627 (24) | 1251 (20) |
| DALS | 1115 (6) | 568 (8) | 547 (9) |
| EPIC | 2025 (11) | 1108 (16) | 917 (15) |
| HPFS | 358 (2) | 197 (3) | 161 (3) |
| MCCS | 784 (4) | 397 (6) | 387 (6) |
| NHS | 594 (3) | 328 (5) | 266 (4) |
| NSHDS | 305 (2) | 104 (2) | 92 (2) |
| PHS | 312 (2) | 163 (2) | 149 (2) |
| PLCO | 913 (5) | 449 (7) | 464 (7) |
| UKB | 2994 (16) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| VITAL | 280 (2) | 134 (2) | 116 (2) |
| WHI | 1377 (7) | 497 (7) | 877 (14) |
Values presented are median [quartile 1 – quartile 3] or number (percentage).
aLow dietary calcium intake was defined as quartile 1 and 2 of sex- and cohort- specific quartiles and a high dietary calcium intake was defined as quartile 3 and 4 of sex- and cohort-specific quartiles.
bVery low: less than high school graduate; low: high school graduate or completed GED; medium: some college or technical school; high: college graduate or graduate degree.
ctotal calcium intake is only calculated when data of both dietary as well as supplemental calcium intake was available.