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. 2024 Sep 2;15:7379. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-51491-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Isolated column of the snowpack at field site A on March 4, 2022, with the extracted section highlighted in green and the weak layer in orange. b Corresponding manual snow profile with hand hardness index (bar length), snow temperature (orange line), distance from ground (H), grain type (F, see legend), grain size (E), hand hardness (R). Grain types indicated in the figure legend are precipitation particles (PP), decomposing and fragmented precipitation particles (DF), rounded grains (RG), faceted crystals (FC), depth hoar (DH), surface hoar (SH), melt forms (MF), and ice formations (IF)⁶⁶.