Table 2.

Means and standard deviations of JSPE-S scores of 493 medical students at five time points (Time 1–Time 5)^a by class Cohort

Class Cohort	Entering AY	Time 1b		Time 2		Time 3		Time 4		Time 5
		No.	Mean (SD)	No.	Mean (SD)	No.	Mean (SD)	No.	Mean (SD)	No.	Mean (SD)
2014	2010–11	53	109.9	42	112.9*	52	101.0**	51	98.4**	32	106.8
			(11.6)		(11.4)		(13.6)		(14.7)		(11.1)
2015	2011–14	73	108.7	69	100.2*	71	105.0**	NA	NA	66	110.8*
			(13.5)		(12.4)		(13.2)				(13.5)
2016	2012–13	68	101.7	67	105.8	65	114.1**	59	114.8**	67	113.9**
			(7.8)		(11.6)		(10.7)		(11.9)		(13.6)
2017	2013–14	97	108.2	96	113.2	92	114.5**	69	114.3**	87	114.2**
			(6.3)		(12.0)		(13.9)		(12.3)		(14.3)
2018	2014–15	98	113.2	94	109.6*	84	113.0**	81	108.9**	83	111.7
			(9.4)		(11.3)		(9.9)		(12.5)		(11.4)
2019	2015–16	104	116.5	96	113.7*	88	113.4*	100	110.7*	60	113.6
			(8.4)		(10.2)		(12.7)		(12.4)		(12.7)
All Cohorts		493	110.3	464	109.5*	452	110.9*	360	109.9*	395	112.4
			(10.5)		(12.4)		(13.3)		(13.6)		(13.1)

AY academic year; No. number; SD standard deviation; NA not analyzed

*p < 0.05

**p ≤ 0.001

^aThe JSPE-S was administered to students at the beginning of each academic program year (Times 1–4) and at time of graduation (Time 5)

^bTime 1 is used as the mean comparison group in the ANOVA analysis