Table 3.

Mean comparisons of JSPE-S scores of 493 medical students at baseline (Time 1) by Cohort

Class Cohort	Class comparison	Mean difference	Std. Error	Sig	(95% CI) Lower bound	(95% CI) Upper bound
2014	2015	1.258	1.713	0.978	− 3.64	6.16
	2016	8.267	1.739	< .001	3.29	13.24
	2017	1.706	1.622	0.900	− 2.93	6.35
	2018	− 3.302	1.619	0.321	− 7.93	1.33
	2019	− 6.537	1.602	0.001	− 11.12	− 1.95
2015	2016	7.008	1.6	< .001	2.43	11.59
	2017	0.448	1.471	1.000	− 3.76	4.66
	2018*	− 4.56	1.468	0.024	− 8.76	− 0.36
	2019	− 7.796	1.449	< .001	− 11.94	− 3.65
2016	2017	− 6.561	1.501	< .001	− 10.86	− 2.26
	2018	− 11.568	1.498	< .001	− 15.86	− 7.28
	2019	− 14.804	1.48	< .001	− 19.04	− 10.57
2017	2018*	− 5.008	1.36	0.003	− 8.9	− 1.12
	2019	− 8.244	1.34	< .001	− 12.08	− 4.41
2018	2019	− 3.236	1.336	0.151	− 7.06	0.59

The table shows results of an ANOVA comparing baseline scores across class cohorts

Std. standard; Sig. significance

*p < 0.05