Table 4.

Means and Standard Deviations of JSPE-S Scores of 493 Medical Students at Five Time Points (Time 1-Time 5)^a by Class Cohort and by Gender

Class Cohort	Gender	Time 1		Time 2		Time 3		Time 4		Time 5
		No.	Mean (SD)	No.	Mean (SD)	No.	Mean (SD)	No.	Mean (SD)	No.	Mean (SD)
2014	Male	29	106.3 (11.9)	22	111.5 (13.2)	28	104.2 (10.9)	29	96.3 (15.9)	16	107.5 (10.6)
	Female	23	115.0 (9.2)*	20	114.5 (9.1)	24	97.3 (15.7)	22	101.1 (12.8)	16	106.2 (11.9)
2015	Male	39	105.7 (15.5)	34	100.9 (12.6)	36	106.3 (12.5)	NA	NA	33	110.9 (13.5)
	Female	34	112.1 (10.1)*	35	99.4 (12.4)	33	103.2 (14.2)	NA	NA	33	110.7 (13.7)
2016	Male	38	100.4 (8.1)	35	103.9 (12.7)	34	113.2 (12.7)	30	113.9 (12.1)	36	111.2 (15.2)
	Female	30	103.3 (7.3)	32	107.9 (10.2)	31	115.1 (8.1)	29	115.7 (12.02)	31	117.0 (10.8)
2017	Male	62	108.7 (6.3)	62	111.0 (12.8)	58	113.0 (14.8)	43	112.1 (11.8)	52	111.9 (15.3)
	Female	34	107.7 (6.3)	34	117.1 (9.5)	34	116.9 (11.9)	26	118.0 (12.3)	34	117.9 (11.9)
2018	Male	43	112.7 (10.6)	43	108.8 (12.4)	34	111.4 (11.7)	35	106.5 (14.0)	36	107.7 (12.0)
	Female	55	113.7 (8.4)	51	110.2 (10.4)	50	114.1 (8.4)	45	110.9 (10.9)	45	114.1 (9.7)*
2019	Male	67	115.2 (9.2)	62	112.5 (10.9)	56	112.4 (13.9)	59	109.4 (13.7)	34	112.2 (13.3)
	Female	37	118.8 (6.1)*	34	115.9 (8.3)	32	115.0 (10.1)	34	114.0 (9.7)	18	117.6 (12.8)
All Cohorts	Male	278	109.1 (11.2)	258	108.8 (12.8)	246	110.7 (13.4)	196	108.2 (14.4)	207	110.6 (13.8)
	Female	213	112.0 (9.3)*	206	110.5 (11.7)	204	111.1 (13.1)	156	112.3 (12.4)	177	114.3 (12.0)

The table shows results of an ANOVA comparing baseline scores across cohorts by gender

No. number; SD standard deviation; NA not analyzed

*Females’ empathy scores were significantly higher at noted time point and cohort; p < 0.05

^aThe JSPE-S was administered to students at the beginning of each academic program year (Times 1–4) and at time of graduation (Time 5)