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. 2023 Nov 9;29(4):1131–1153. doi: 10.1007/s10459-023-10292-1

Table 5.

Parameter estimates and p-Values from the linear mixed regression model analyses for 493 medical students. The outcome is JSPE-S score (ranging from 20 to 140)

Variable Parameter estimate 95% CL p Value
Intercept 118.54 113.31, 123.77  < 0.001
Class cohort
2014 − 6.58 − 10.46, − 2.70 0.001*
2015 − 8.24 − 11.74, − 4.74  < 0.001
2016 − 15.49 − 19.05, − 11.93  < 0.001
2017 − 8.25 − 11.49, − 5.02  < 0.001
2018 − 3.84 − 7.06, − 0.61 0.020*
2019 [Reference]
Gender
0 = Male − 2.80 − 4.20, − 1.40  < 0.001
1 = Female [Reference]
Time
1 [Reference]
2 − 2.79 − 5.33, − 0.26 0.031*
3 − 3.45 − 6.07, − 0.84 0.009*
4 − 5.42 − 8.01, − 2.84  < 0.001
5 − 2.74 − 5.87, .38 0.085
Age group (years)
1 =  < 22 − 0.026 − 5.25, 5.20 0.992
2 = 22–24 − 0.49 − 5.29, 4.30 0.841
3 = 25–27 0.22 − 4.58, 5.02 0.928
4 = 28–30 0.28 − 4.69, 5.26 0.910
5 = 31–33 0.16 − 5.06, 5.38 0.952
6 = 34–36 2.75 − 2.79, 8.30 0.331
7 =  > 36 [Reference]
Interaction: class cohort × time
2014 × Time 1 [Reference]
2014 × Time 2 5.42 0.90, 9.93 0.019*
2014 × Time 3 − 6.13 − 10.53, − 1.74 0.006*
2014 × Time 4 − 6.64 − 11.03, − 2.24 0.003*
2014 × Time 5 − 1.04 − 6.29, 4.19 0.695
2015 × Time 1 [Reference]
2015 × Time 2 − 5.62 − 9.56, − 1.68 0.005*
2015 × Time 3 − 0.22 − 4.23, 3.77 0.912
2015 × Time 4 N/A N/A N/A
2015 × Time 5 4.47 0.00, 8.95 0.050*
2016 × Time 1 [Reference]
2016 × Time 2 7.03 3.04, 11.03 0.001*
2016 × Time 3 15.69 11.60, 19.78  < 0.001
2016 × Time 4 17.95 13.76, 22.14  < 0.001
2016 × Time 5 14.57 10.12, 19.02  < 0.001
2017 × Time 1 [Reference]
2017 × Time 2 7.46 3.73, 11.19  < 0.001
2017 × Time 3 9.28 5.56, 13.01  < 0.001
2017 × Time 4 11.21 7.36, 15.05  < 0.001
2017 × Time 5 8.35 4.25, 12.46  < 0.001
2018 × Time 1 [Reference]
2018 × Time 2 − 0.84 − 4.47, 2.78 0.647
2018 × Time 3 3.08 − 0.65, 6.82 0.106
2018 × Time 4 1.11 − 2.63, 4.85 0.561
2018 × Time 5 0.741 − 3.40, 4.88 0.726
2019 × Times 1–5 [Reference]

Linear mixed model analyses were used to assess the interaction of class cohort and time

CL confidence levels (lower bound, upper bound); NA not analyzed

*p ≤ 0.05