Table 5.
Parameter estimates and p-Values from the linear mixed regression model analyses for 493 medical students. The outcome is JSPE-S score (ranging from 20 to 140)
| Variable | Parameter estimate | 95% CL | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 118.54 | 113.31, 123.77 | < 0.001 |
| Class cohort | |||
| 2014 | − 6.58 | − 10.46, − 2.70 | 0.001* |
| 2015 | − 8.24 | − 11.74, − 4.74 | < 0.001 |
| 2016 | − 15.49 | − 19.05, − 11.93 | < 0.001 |
| 2017 | − 8.25 | − 11.49, − 5.02 | < 0.001 |
| 2018 | − 3.84 | − 7.06, − 0.61 | 0.020* |
| 2019 | – | [Reference] | – |
| Gender | |||
| 0 = Male | − 2.80 | − 4.20, − 1.40 | < 0.001 |
| 1 = Female | – | [Reference] | – |
| Time | |||
| 1 | – | [Reference] | – |
| 2 | − 2.79 | − 5.33, − 0.26 | 0.031* |
| 3 | − 3.45 | − 6.07, − 0.84 | 0.009* |
| 4 | − 5.42 | − 8.01, − 2.84 | < 0.001 |
| 5 | − 2.74 | − 5.87, .38 | 0.085 |
| Age group (years) | |||
| 1 = < 22 | − 0.026 | − 5.25, 5.20 | 0.992 |
| 2 = 22–24 | − 0.49 | − 5.29, 4.30 | 0.841 |
| 3 = 25–27 | 0.22 | − 4.58, 5.02 | 0.928 |
| 4 = 28–30 | 0.28 | − 4.69, 5.26 | 0.910 |
| 5 = 31–33 | 0.16 | − 5.06, 5.38 | 0.952 |
| 6 = 34–36 | 2.75 | − 2.79, 8.30 | 0.331 |
| 7 = > 36 | – | [Reference] | – |
| Interaction: class cohort × time | |||
| 2014 × Time 1 | – | [Reference] | – |
| 2014 × Time 2 | 5.42 | 0.90, 9.93 | 0.019* |
| 2014 × Time 3 | − 6.13 | − 10.53, − 1.74 | 0.006* |
| 2014 × Time 4 | − 6.64 | − 11.03, − 2.24 | 0.003* |
| 2014 × Time 5 | − 1.04 | − 6.29, 4.19 | 0.695 |
| 2015 × Time 1 | – | [Reference] | – |
| 2015 × Time 2 | − 5.62 | − 9.56, − 1.68 | 0.005* |
| 2015 × Time 3 | − 0.22 | − 4.23, 3.77 | 0.912 |
| 2015 × Time 4 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| 2015 × Time 5 | 4.47 | 0.00, 8.95 | 0.050* |
| 2016 × Time 1 | – | [Reference] | – |
| 2016 × Time 2 | 7.03 | 3.04, 11.03 | 0.001* |
| 2016 × Time 3 | 15.69 | 11.60, 19.78 | < 0.001 |
| 2016 × Time 4 | 17.95 | 13.76, 22.14 | < 0.001 |
| 2016 × Time 5 | 14.57 | 10.12, 19.02 | < 0.001 |
| 2017 × Time 1 | – | [Reference] | – |
| 2017 × Time 2 | 7.46 | 3.73, 11.19 | < 0.001 |
| 2017 × Time 3 | 9.28 | 5.56, 13.01 | < 0.001 |
| 2017 × Time 4 | 11.21 | 7.36, 15.05 | < 0.001 |
| 2017 × Time 5 | 8.35 | 4.25, 12.46 | < 0.001 |
| 2018 × Time 1 | – | [Reference] | – |
| 2018 × Time 2 | − 0.84 | − 4.47, 2.78 | 0.647 |
| 2018 × Time 3 | 3.08 | − 0.65, 6.82 | 0.106 |
| 2018 × Time 4 | 1.11 | − 2.63, 4.85 | 0.561 |
| 2018 × Time 5 | 0.741 | − 3.40, 4.88 | 0.726 |
| 2019 × Times 1–5 | – | [Reference] | – |
Linear mixed model analyses were used to assess the interaction of class cohort and time
CL confidence levels (lower bound, upper bound); NA not analyzed
*p ≤ 0.05