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. 2024 Mar 19;47(9):2269–2277. doi: 10.1007/s40618-024-02321-6

Table 1.

Literature review of acromegaly recurrence

Population Time period and nature of study Surgical Series Recurrence Rate (%) Mean/median follow-up time Criteria for remission Time of first evaluation after surgery Time of recurrence Risk factors for recurrence
Nomikos et al. [13] 668

1982–2001

retrospective

Yes 0,4 Mean 126 ± 74 months

GHr < 2,5 μg/L

 + GHn < 1 μg/L

 + IGF1

7 days; 3 months 3 and 6 years Remission criteria used
Freda et al. [14] 97

1996–2020

Prospective

No 14 Mean 9,34 ± 6.4 years

GHn < 0,4 μg/L

 + IGF1

3 months Median of 4.5 year (range 2,8–24 year) Abnormal GH levels at OGTT (GH 0,14–0,4)
Cunha et al. [5] 54

2001–2019

retrospective

Yes

0 in cured

13 (8,3 BDI; 33,3 in BDII*) discrepancies

Median of 39 (range 12–126) months

GHr < 1 μg/L

 + IGF1

(Discrepancy if only 1 criteria)

3 months NA

IGF1 < 1,25

ULN °

Biermasz et al. [15] 59

1977–1988

retrospective

Yes 18,5 Mean 16 ± 0.8 years

IGF1 + mean GH day-profile or GHr < 2,5 μg/L

 + GHn

7–10 days; 6 months 6 months – 3 / 4 years – 10 years Preoperative mean GH concentration
Beauregard et al. [16] 103

1970–1999

retrospective

No 6,8 Mean 13,4 (range 10–29) years

GHr < 2,5 μg/L

 ± GHn < 1 μg/L

 ± IGF1

NA Mean of 4 years
Krieger et al. [17] 181

1973–1990

retrospective

Yes 0,8 Mean 5 years GHr < 2 μg/L 1 day NA
Ronchi et al. [6] 40

2000–2004

retrospective

No 2 Mean 14,3 ± 4,2 years IGF1 + GHr < 2,5 ± TRH and GnRH test Median 3 months (range 3–9 months) NA
Banerji et al. [18] 101

1992–2005

prospective

Yes 7 Median 84 (range 3–132) months

GHr < 2,5 μg/L

 + GHn < 1 μg/L

No IGF1

6 weeks NA Tumor size
Roelfsema et al. [19] 3548 Review Mixed

4,5

0,007 pts/yrs

Mean 6,36 ± 0,58 years Mixed Mixed 1–10 years Postoperative GHr and GHn; Paradoxical GH increase after TRH infusion
Liang Lv et al [20] 94

2008–2017

retrospective

Yes 10 Median 35 (range 13–129) months

GHn < 0,4 μg/L

 + IGF1

3 months NA Postoperative GHn levels (1 week after surgery)
Shen et al. [21] 133

2013–2014

retrospective

Yes 6,5 Median 48 (range 12–84) months GHn < 1 μg/L + IGF1 3 months 12, 36 and 54 months

tumor proliferation (Ki-67);

GHn at surgical remission

Kristof et al. [22] 102 retrospective Yes 2,08 Mean 5,06 years (range 3 months-16.9 years) GHn < 1 μg/L + IGF1 3 months 4,6 and 4,9 years
De et al. [23] 90

1980–2001

retrospective

No 0 Mean 10,9 years (range 6 months – 20 years)

GHr < 2,5 μg/L

 + GHn < 1 μg/L

 + IGF1

4–6 weeks
Rotermund et al. [24] 280

2008–2015

retrospective

Yes 12,2 Median 29 (range 1–120) months

IGF1 + 

GHr < 1 μg/L

or GHn < 1 μg/L

1 and 3 days NA
Sun et al. [25] 86

2006–2011

retrospective

Yes 25 Mean 13,4 ± 15,8 months GHr < 1 μg/L or GHn < 0,4 μg/L NA 38 and 22 months SSTR2A expression
Shimon et al. [26] 98

1990–1999

retrospective

No 8 Mean 3,9 ± 2,5 years GHn < 2 μg/L + IGF1 NA 1 year
Babu et al. [27] 58

2005–2013

retrospective

Yes 2,3 Mean 64 ± 32,2 months GHn < 1 μg/L + IGF1 6–12 weeks  < 12 months
Fernandez Mateos et al. [28] 548

1975–2015

retrospective

Yes 6,5# Mean 3,3 ± 2,3 years

GHr < 2 μg/L

 + GHn < 1 μg/L

 + IGF1

3–6 months 4, 7, 8 and 12 years
Diri et al. [29] 108 Retrospective No 14,9 Mean 44,8 (range 24–59) months GHn < 1 μg/L + IGF1 3 months NA Initial tumor size; compression of optic chiasm; diagnosis IGF1 levels
Kreutzer et al. [30] 57

1992–1998

retrospective

Yes 2,4 Mean 37,7 (range 12–88) months

GHr < 2,5 μg/L

 + GHn < 1 μg/L

 + IGF1

6 weeks (range 1–12 months) NA
Shirvani et al. [31] 130

1992–2010

retrospective

Yes 10,8 Mean 35,9 (range 6–169) months

GHr < 2,5 μg/L

 + IGF1

1 day Mean 31,4 (range 10–100) months

IGF1 levels in age- and sex-adjusted normal range, GHr GH random levels, GHn nadir GH levels after OGTT

* BDI: Biochemical discrepancy type I (normal IGF1 levels + random serum GH ≥ 1.0 μg/L); BDII: Biochemical discrepancy type II (high IGF-I + random serum GH < 1.0 μg/L)

° IGF-I levels up to 1,25-fold the ULN determined 3 months after TNS in acromegaly patients was associated with long-term remission, regardless of GH levels, even in patients initially considered as surgical failure. IGF-I ≤ 1,25-fold the ULN had 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity to predict long-term remission

# Recurrence rate was calculated on 61 patients initially in remission with available data 15 years after surgery (4/61)