. 2024 Apr 22;18(9):1486–1504. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjae057

Table 1.

Observational studies—baseline characteristics.

Study	Country of study	Sample size	%Male, female	Mean age ± SD	Employment [%]	WPAI reported?	Indirect costs reported?	Miscellaneous outcomes reported?
Ding 2022¹³	USA	Total = 563 [CD = 281, UC = 282]	CD—M:52.3, F:47.7 UC—M:55.7, F:44.3	CD: 40.0 ± 12.1 UC: 40.5 ± 12.1	-	✓	✓	-
Decker 2022¹⁴	Czech Republic	Total = 161 [CD = 102, UC = 59]	M:41.6, F:58.4	41.2	-	✓	✓	✓
Holko 2022¹⁵	Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain	Total = 3687 [CD = 1930, UC = 1693, IC = 63]	M:34, F:66	43.03 ± 13.76	67	✓	✓	✓
Varma 2022¹⁶	USA	CD = 403	M:26.5, F:73.5	49.5 ± 15.9	64.3	-	-	✓
Paulides 2022¹⁷	The Netherlands	Total = 229 [CD = 155, UC = 66, IC = 8]	M:31, F:69	38.0 ± 17	66.8	✓	-	✓
Viazis 2022¹⁸	Greece	UC = 95	M:47, F:53	42 ± 13.69	-	-	-	-
Paulides 2020¹⁹	New Zealand	Total = 123 [CD = 83, UC = 40]	M:41, F:59	42.5 ± 13.5	100	-	-	✓
Topal 2020²⁰	Turkey	Total = 180 [CD = 115, UC = 86]	M:57.5, F:42.5	-	-	-	-	✓
Yamabe 2019²¹	Japan	Total = 441	M:61.7, F:38.3	48.2 ± 14.8	66.2	✓	-	✓
Kawalec 2018²²	Poland	UC = 147	M:46.94, F:53.06	39.0 ± 13.4	64.6	✓	✓	✓
Sciberras 2022²³	8 European centres [not specified] + Israel	Total = 585 [CD = 363, UC = 222]	M:53, F:47	-	Total [n = 585]: 74.5 UC [n = 222] = 79.9 CD [n = 363] = 71.3	-	-	✓
vanGennep 2021²⁴	The Netherlands	Total = 510 [CD = 268, UC = 242]	M:41, F:59	-	-	✓	✓	✓
Ruiz-Casas 2021²⁵	Denmark, Norway, Poland, Romania, and Turkey	Total: 299 [Remission/mild = 1131, Moderate/severe = 1835]	Total—M:55, F:45 Remission/mild—M:53, F:47 Moderate/severe—M:56, F:44	Total: 47 ± 15 Remission/mild: 48 ± 15 Moderate/severe: 46 ± 15	-	✓	✓	-
Rankala 2021²⁶	Finland	Total = 320 [CD = 102, UC = 218]	M:50.6, F:49.4	46.2	100	-	✓	-
Khalili 2020²⁷	Sweden	Prevalent: 29,879 [CD = 10117, UC = 19762] Incident: 12,687 [CD = 4028, UC = 8659]	Prevalent—M:51.4, F:48.6 Prevalent—M:48.9, F:51.1	Prevalent: 50.1 ± 17.6 Incident: 45.6 ± 19.1	Prevalent CD: 80 Prevalent UC: 86	-	✓	✓
Yu 2021²⁸	China	Total = 3000 [CD = 1922, UC = 973]	M:59.6, F:40.4	34	54.9	-	-	✓
deSaBritoFroes 2021²⁹	Brazil	Total = 413	M:45, F:55	39.4	-	-	-	✓
Walter 2020³⁰	Austria	Total = 510 [CD = 345, UC = 165]	M:26.3, F:73.3	40.4 ± 13.1	63.9	✓	✓	✓
Manceur 2020³¹	USA	Total = 6715	M:45.7, F:54.3	44.8	-	-	✓	-
Moon 2020³²	South Korea	UC = 355	M:59.2, F:40.8	-	48.6	✓	-	-
Chao 2019³³	Canada	Total = 207 [CD = 144, UC = 63]	M:42.5, F:57.5	-	79.2	✓	-	✓
Parra 2019³⁴	Brazil	Total = 407 [CD = 264, UC = 143]	CD—M:45.8, F:54.2 UC—M:43.4, F:56.6	CD: 42.9 ± 13.0 UC: 45.9 ± 13.8	CD: 44.3 UC: 53	✓	-	✓
Christiansen 2019³⁵	Denmark	Total = 185 [CD = 78, UC = 107]	CD—M:55.1, F:44.9 UC—M:43.9, F:56.1	-	CD: 73.3 UC: 74	✓	-	✓
Pillai 2019³⁶	Switzerland	Total = 2365 [CD = 1353, UC = 1012]	CD—M:46, F:54 UC—M:52, F:48	CD: 41 ± 15 UC: 43 ± 14	73	-	✓	✓
LeBerre 2019³⁷	France	Total = 1410 [CD = 874, UC = 493]	M:24, F:76	38 ± 10.1	80	✓	-	✓
Gonczi 2019³⁸	Canada	Total = 525 [CD = 374, UC = 151]	M:41.7, F: 52.9	-	73	✓	-	-
Everhov 2019³⁹	Sweden	Total = 2015 [CD = 1920, UC = 6, IC = 89]	M:50, F:50	-	-	-	-	✓
Everhov 2018⁴⁰	Sweden	CD = 20638	M:48, F:52	-	-	-	-	✓
Spekhorst 2017⁴¹	The Netherlands	Total = 2794 [CD = 1740, UC = 1054]	CD—M:37, F:63 UC—M:47, F:53	-	CD: 56 UC: 63	-	-	✓
Kamat 2017⁴²	India	Total = 84 [CD = 25, UC = 59]	CD—M:80, F:20 UC—M:71, F:29	CD: 21 ± 5.1 UC: 37.3 ± 4.4	CD: 72 UC: 78	-	✓	✓
Williet 2017⁴³	France	Total = 1185 [CD = 721, UC = 462]	Total—M:38.5, F:61.5 CD—M:37.9, F:62.1 UC—M:39.7, F:60.3	-	Total: 59.4 CD: 60.5 UC: 57.9	✓	-	✓
Holko 2016⁴⁴	Poland	CD = 200	M:42.2, F:57.8	31.80 ± 10.41	Total: 60 Active: 55.2 Remission: 64.5	-	✓	✓
DeBoer 2016⁴⁵	The Netherlands	Total = 202 [CD = 128, UC = 74]	M:43, F:57	41 ± 12	61	-
Aldeguer 2016⁴⁶	Spain	UC = 285	M:51.2, F:49.8	44.5 ± 15.6	67	-	✓	✓
Vester-Andersen 2015⁴⁷	Denmark	Total = 379 [CD = 155, UC = 224]	CD—M:44.5, F:55.5 UC—M:52.2, F:47.8	-	CD: 92.1 UC: 88.7	-	-	✓
Zand 2015⁴⁸	USA	Total = 440 [CD = 221, UC = 219]	M:49.8, F:50.2	-	64.4	✓	✓	✓
Cohen 2015⁴⁹	USA	UC = 4314	M:63.6, F:36.4	45.1	-	-	✓	✓
vanderHave 2015⁵⁰	The Netherlands	Total = 1108 [CD = 554, UC = 424, IC = 130]	CD—M:42, F:58 UC—M:55, F:45	CD: 55 UC: 56.4	-	-	-	✓
Michael 2014⁵¹	Hungary	Total = 443 [CD = 260, UC = 183]	CD—M:47, F:53 UC—M:43.7, F:56.2	CD: 35 ± 11.3 UC: 40.7 ± 14.1	48	✓	✓	✓
Lonnfors 2014⁵²	25 countries [not specified]	Total = 4670 [CD = 2895, UC = 1774]	M:33, F:66	35	-	-	-	✓
vanderValk 2014⁵³	The Netherlands	Total = 2282 [CD = 1373, UC = 909]	CD—M:34.3, F:65.7 UC—M:43.8, F:56.2	CD: 44.1 ± 11.8 UC: 46.1 ± 11.4	CD: 53 UC: 66.6	-	-	✓
Gibson 2014⁵⁴	Australia	UC = 175	M:47.4, F:52.6	41.7 ± 15.1	-	✓	-	✓
Siebert 2013⁵⁵	Switzerland	Total = 1187 [CD = 699, UC = 488]	CD—M:46.1, F:53.9 UC—M:49.8, F:50.2	CD: 41.8 ± 14.7 UC: 42.6 ± 13.9	-	-	-	✓
Gunnarsson 2013⁵⁶	USA	Total = 200	M:46, F:54	42.95	-	-	✓	✓
Hoivik 2013⁵⁷	Norway	Total = 516 [CD = 341, UC = 160]	CD—M:50.6, F:49.4 UC—M:49.6, F:50.4	UC: 45.6 CD: 38.1	-	-	-	✓
Ramos 2015⁵⁸	Spain	Total = 293 [CD = 151, UC = 142]	CD—M:54, F:46 UC—M:53, F:46	CD: 43.1 ± 11 UC: 48 ± 10.2	73	-	-	✓
Vaizey 2014⁵⁹	UK	UC = 173	M:44.5, F:55.5	47	Full-time: 42.8, Part-time:13.3 Active: 58.5%, Remission: 54%	✓	-	✓
Viazis 2013⁶⁰	Greece	Total = 1181 [CD = 539, UC = 642]	CD—M:52, F:48 UC—M:52, F:48	-	-	-	-	✓
Benedini 2012⁶¹	Italy	CD = 162	M:50, F:50	43	-	-	✓	-
Zhou 2010⁶²	China	Total = 92 [CD = 52, UC = 40]	CD—M:67.55, F:32.5 UC—M:55.8, F:44.2	CD: 35.7 ± 11.6 UC: 45 ± 16.7	CD: 75 UC: 90.4	-	-	✓
Gibson 2008⁶³	USA	Total = 15539 [CD = 6569, UC = 8970]	CD—M:43.26, F:56.74 UC—M:46.38, F:53.62	CD: 43.61 UC: 45.28	-	-	✓	-
Stark 2006⁶⁴	Germany	Total = 483 [CD = 241, UC = 242]	CD—M:35, F:65 UC—M:45, F:55	CD: 41 ± 11 UC: 43 ± 12	CD: 63 UC: 67	-	✓	✓
Bernklev 2006⁶⁵	Norway	Total = 495 [CD = 334, UC = 161]	M:51, F:49	41.2 ± 13.7	CD: 76.4 UC: 81.4	-	-	✓
Boonen 2002⁶⁶	The Netherlands	Total = 680 [CD = 282, UC = 359, IU = 39]	M:45.7, F:54.3	41 ± 11.4	CD: 71.6 [M], 56.2 [F] UC: 74.9 [M], 62.4 [F]	-	-	✓
Bernstein 2001⁶⁷	Canada	Study A = 2476 [CD = 1231, UC = 1245] Study B = 80 [CD = 33, UC = 47]	Study A—M:43.4, F:56.6 Study B—M:48.2, F:51.8	Study A: 42 [MEDIAN]	Study A: All IBD [M, N = 1074]: 79.9% All IBD [F, N = 1402]: 51.5% CD [M, N = 495]: 78.5% CD [F, N = 736]: 49.2% UC [M, N = 579]: 80.5% UC [F, N = 666]: 53.4%	-	-	✓
Sorensen 1987⁶⁸	Denmark	CD = 106	-	44	65	-	-	✓
Sikirica 2022⁶⁹	USA, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and UK	CD = 2354	M:51.4, F:48.6	39	-	✓	-	-
Tiankanon 2021⁷⁰	Thailand	Total = 209 [CD = 103, UC = 106]	M:49.3, F:50.7	47.3 ± 15.7	-	✓	-	-
Humberto 2021⁷¹	USA [Puerto Rico]	Total = 120 [CD = 91, UC = 29]	M:49.2, F:50.8	27.0 ± 9.71	69.17		-	✓
Wong 2020⁷²	USA	UC = 697	M:42.2, F:57.8	Mild: 51.36 ± 16.91 Moderate/severe: 43.76 ± 14.84	Mild: 56.3 Mod/sev: 62.7	✓	-	✓
Armuzzi 2019⁷³	Italy	CD = 552	M:51, F:49	41	54	✓	-	✓
Limdi 2019⁷⁴	Not specified	UC = 1649	-	-	-	✓	-	-
Carels 2019⁷⁵	Belgium	CD = 18	M:67, F:33	25 ± 2.3	-	✓	-	-
Raimundo 2018⁷⁶	USA	Total = 1020	M:45, F:55	46	-	✓	✓	-
Armuzzi 2018⁷⁷	USA, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK	UC = 1037	M:55.6, F:44.4	39.2 ± 13.8	-	✓	-	-
Sebastian 2018⁷⁸	UK	UC = 52	M:50, F:50	40 ± 13.5	74	✓	-	-
Aiello 2018⁷⁹	Italy	UC = 77	M:53.3, F:46.7	47.1 ± 13	49.4	✓	-	✓
DeLima 2018⁸⁰	Brazil	CD = 95	M:48.5, F:51.5	41	-	-	-	✓
Hellstrom 2017⁸¹	Sweden	Total = 1843 [CD = 698, UC = 1145]	-	-	-	-	✓	✓
Ghosh 2017⁸²	Not specified	UC = 1816	M:54.1, F:45.9	38.5 ± 14.6	-	✓	-	✓
Ganz 2016⁸³	USA	CD = 539	M:46.6, F:53.4	48.2	57	-	✓	✓
KatzAvitan 2016⁸⁴	Israel	Total = 405 [CD = 255, UC = 150]	-	CD: 40.4 ± 14.9 UC: 52.8 ± 15.8	CD: 61.6 [active: 52, inactive: 73] UC: 59.3 [active: 52, inactive: 63]	✓
Camacho 2016⁸⁵	Spain	Total = 127	-	-	53.5	✓	-	✓
Schwartz 2016⁸⁶	Israel	CD = 597	M:42.6, F:57.4	37.9 ± 11.2	M: 72.3, F: 54.9	✓
VanAssche 2015⁸⁷	11 European countries [not specified]	UC = 250	M:59, F:41	46.6 ± 16.3	-	✓
Huascar 2015⁸⁸	Not specified	Total = 292 [CD = 151, UC = 141]	M:43, F:47	45 ± 11	-	-
Carpio 2015⁸⁹	Spain	UC = 436	M:53, F:47	46 ± 13	-	-
Geccherle 2015⁹⁰	Italy	CD = 47	-	-	-	✓
Piercy 2015⁹¹	France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and USA	Total = 2065 [CD = 1084, UC = 981]	CD—M:49.5, F:50.5 UC—M:49.2, F:50.8	CD: 39.6 UC: 39.4	-	✓	-	-
Miller 2014⁹²	USA	Total = 68 [CD = 27, UC = 41]	-	-	72	-	-	✓
Wladysiuk 2014⁹³	Poland	CD = 464	-	-	56	✓	-	-
Zand 2014⁹⁴	USA	Total = 365	-	-	-	✓	-	✓
Kroeker 2012⁹⁵	Canada	Table 1: Total = 202 [CD = 129, UC = 73] Table 2: Total = 138 [CD = 83, UC = 55]	CD—M:38.8, F:61.2 UC—M:39.7, F:60.3	CD: 24.6 ± 0.35 UC: 24.8 ± 0.33		-	-	✓
Cohen 2012⁹⁶	USA	UC = 5157	M:63.7, F:36.3	48	100	-	✓	✓
Wilson 2012⁹⁷	Not specified	Total = 4990 [CD = 3143, UC = 1647]	-	-	-	-	-	✓
Naim 2011⁹⁸	USA	Total = 534	M:33, F:67	-	55	✓	-	✓
Gomollon 2011⁹⁹	Spain	CD = 1688	M:49, F:51	42.5 ± 11.2	57	✓	-	✓
Kane 2009¹⁰⁰	USA	CD = 247	M:38.5, F:61.5	43	Full-time: 46 Part-time: 13	-	-	✓
Procaccini 2007¹⁰¹	USA	Total = 173	-	-	-	-	-	✓
Yan 2020¹⁰²	China	Total = 891 [CD = 522, UC = 363, IC = 6]	Total—M:59, F:41 CD—M:61.5, F:38.5 UC—M:59.9, F:40.1	Total: 40 CD: 37 UC: 44	Employee—CD: 53.8, UC: 60.1, Total: 56.2 Self-employed—CD: 10.5, UC: 14.3, Total: 12.2	-	-	✓
Ueno 2017¹⁰³	Japan	Total = 172 [CD = 83, UC = 84, IU = 1]	M:66, F:32	-	-	-	-	✓
VanDerValk 2014¹⁰⁴	The Netherlands	Total = 2252 [CD = 1315, UC = 937]	CD—M:37.3, F:62.7 UC—M:51.4, F:48.6	CD: 47.8 ± 13.6 UC: 49.8 ± 13.3	CD: 53.6 UC: 61.2	-	✓	✓
Hendrikson 1980¹⁰⁵	Denmark	UC = 122	M:43, F:57	-	71	-	-	✓
Binder 1985¹⁰⁶	Denmark	CD = 185	M:40, F:60	-	-	-	-	✓
Nurmi 2013¹⁰⁷	Finland	Total = 556 [CD = 153, UC = 365, IC = 37]	Total—M:47.5, F:52.5 CD—M:40.5, F:59.5 UC—M:51, F:49 IC—M:43.2, F:56.8	-	-	-	-	✓
Ghosh & Mitchell 2007¹⁰⁸	UK	Total = 5636 [CD = 3025, UC = 2333]	Total—M:42.8, F:56.9 CD—M:40, F:59.7 UC—M:46, F:53.7	-	-	-	-	-
Stjernman 2011¹⁰⁹	Sweden	Total = 505 [CD = 497, UC = 284]	CD—M:40.8, F:59.2 UC—M:55.6, F:44.4	CD: 46 UC: 46	-	-	-	✓
Longobardi 2003¹¹⁰	USA	Total = 187 [105 with symptoms in the past 12 months, 82 without symptoms in the past 12 months]	With symptoms—M:33.5 ± 5.6; F:66.5 ± 5.6 No symptoms—M:36.7 ± 5.5; F:63.3 ± 5.5	-	-	-	✓	✓
Longobardi 2003¹¹¹	Canada	Total = 187	M:31.6, F:68.4	-	-	-	✓	✓
Mayberry 1992¹¹²	UK	CD = 58	-	31 ± 5	79	-	-	✓
Gazzard 1978¹¹³	Not specified	CD = 85	M:33, F:67	35 ± 6	-	-	-	✓
Juan 2003¹¹⁴	Spain	CD = 635	M:47.9, F:52.1	33.1 ± 11.9	48	-	✓	✓
Ananthakrishnan 2008¹¹⁵	USA	CD = 737	M:37.8, F:62.2	45.8	-	-	-	✓
Blomqvist 1997¹¹⁶	Sweden	Total = 77 [CD = 39, UC = 38]	-	-	-	-	✓	✓
Mesterton 2009¹¹⁷	Sweden	CD = 420	M:45.6; F:54.4	50.2 ± 15.1	-	-	✓	-

IBD, Inflammatory bowel disease; CD, Crohn’s disease; UC, ulcerative colitis; IC, indeterminate colitis; M, male; F, female.