TABLE 1.
Sample characteristics, mean (SD) of birth satisfaction scores, and the results of general linear models on birth satisfaction scores (N = 601).
| Demographic variables | N (%) | M (SD) of birth satisfaction scores € | Mean difference (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| ≤ 20 | 70 (11.6) | 28.3 ± 7.6 | Ref | |
| 21–34 | 405 (67.4) | 28.7 ± 7.3 | 0.42 (−1.44, 2.27) | 0.659 |
| ≥ 35 | 126 (21.0) | 28.4 ± 7.2 | 0.12 (−2.01, 2.25) | 0.912 |
| Educational level (years) | ||||
| Primary school | 94 (15.6) | 29.9 ± 6.7 | −2.36 (−4.59, −0.13) | 0.034* |
| High school | 335 (55.7) | 28.8 ± 7.6 | −1.15 (−3.19, 0.88) | 0.518 |
| University | 172 (28.6) | 27.6 ± 6.9 | Ref | |
| Job | ||||
| Housewife | 547 (91.0) | 28.8 ± 7.1 | Ref | 0.086† |
| Employed | 54 (9.0) | 27.0 ± 8.7 | −1.79 (−3.82, 0.025) | |
| Household income | ||||
| Insufficient | 107 (17.8) | 27.9 ± 8.6 | −0.90 (−2.42, 0.63) | 0.249 |
| Sufficient | 494 (82.2) | 28.8 ± 7.0 | Ref | |
| Resident | ||||
| Urban | 411 (68.4) | 28.1 ± 7.2 | −1.49 (−2.74, 0.24) | 0.019†, * |
| Rural | 190 (31.6) | 29.6 ± 7.3 | Ref | |
| Obstetric variables | ||||
| Parity | ||||
| Primipara | 205 (34.1) | 26.9 ± 7.4 | −2.62 (−3.83, −1.40) | <0.001***, † |
| Multipara | 396 (65.9) | 29.6 ± 7.0 | Ref | |
| History of abortion | ||||
| Yes | 176 (29.3) | 28.3 ± 7.4 | −0.38 (−1.66, 0.90) | 0.558 |
| No | 425 (70.7) | 28.7 ± 7.2 | Ref | |
| Infant gender | ||||
| Female | 315 (52.4) | 28.8 ± 6.9 | 0.48 (−0.69, 1.64) | 0.425 |
| Male | 286 (47.6) | 28.4 ± 7.7 | Ref | |
| Complicated pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 123 (20.5) | 28.1 ± 8.0 | −0.66 (−2.11, 0.79) | 0.371 |
| No | 478 (79.5) | 28.7 ± 7.1 | Ref | |
| Poor obstetric history | ||||
| Yes | 51 (8.5) | 26.9 ± 8.2 | −1.86 (−3.95, 0.23) | 0.081† |
| No | 550 (91.5) | 28.8 ± 7.2 | Ref | |
| Chronic disease | ||||
| Yes | 62 (10.3) | 27.8 ± 8.4 | −0.91 (−2.83, 1.01) | 0.352 |
| No | 539 (89.7) | 28.7 ± 7.1 | Ref | |
| Attending prenatal class | ||||
| Yes | 206 (34.3) | 27.8 ± 7.3 | −1.27 (−2.49, −0.04) | 0.042*, † |
| No | 395 (65.7) | 29.0 ± 7.2 | Ref | |
| Labor and Birth | ||||
| Gestational age at birth (week) | ||||
| < 38 | 91 (15.1) | 29.2 ± 7.9 | 1.07 (−0.81, 2.96) | 0.263 |
| 38–40 | 354 (58.9) | 28.7 ± 7.2 | 0.55 (−0.83, 1.92) | 0.438 |
| >40 | 156 (26.0) | 28.1 ± 7.0 | Ref | |
| Birth weight (gr) | ||||
| 2500–3999 | 536 (89.2) | 28.8 ± 7.2 | Ref | |
| < 2500 | 24 (4.0) | 27.3 ± 8.6 | −1.55 (−4.52, 1.43) | 0.308 |
| ≥ 4000 | 41 (6.8) | 26.3 ± 7.4 | −2.50 (−4.80, −0.19) | 0.034*, † |
| Mode of birth | ||||
| Elective caesarean | 117 (19.5) | 30.6 ± 5.9 | Ref | |
| Emergency caesarean | 65 (10.8) | 23.0 ± 7.9 | −7.59 (−9.70, −5.48) | <0.001***, † |
| Vaginal delivery | 391 (65.1) | 29.1 ± 7.0 | −1.49 (−2.93, −0.05) | 0.043*, † |
| VBAC £ | 11 (1.8) | 29.0 ± 5.7 | −1.07 (−5.92, 2.70) | 0.464 |
| Instrumental delivery | 17 (2.8) | 24.1 ± 8.1 | −6.49 (−10.04, −2.94) | <0.001***, † |
| Labor pain | ||||
| Spontaneous | 306 (50.9) | 29.8 ± 7.4 | Ref | |
| Induced | 179 (29.8) | 26.9 ± 7.6 | −1.92 (−3.25, −0.60) | 0.004**, † |
| Elective caesarean | 116 (19.3) | 30.7 ± 5.9 | 1.86 (0.33, 3.34) | 0.018*, † |
| Having a private midwife | ||||
| Yes | 150 (25.0) | 28.3 ± 7.2 | Ref | |
| No | 336 (55.9) | 28.0 ± 7.6 | −0.30 (−1.70, 1.10) | 0.669 |
| Elective caesarean | 115 (19.1) | 30.7 ± 6.0 | −2.34 (−4.10, 0.59) | 0.009** |
| Fundal pressure | ||||
| Yes | 308 (51.2) | 28.4 ± 7.3 | −1.99 (−3.57, −0.42) | 0.013*, † |
| No | 111 (18.5) | 30.4 ± 6.4 | Ref | |
| Caesarean | 182 (30.3) | 27.9 ± 7.6 | −2.48 (−4.19, −0.77) | 0.005** |
| Suturing | ||||
| Yes—spontaneous tear | 193 (32.1) | 29.7 ± 7.1 | −1.12 (−3.02, 0.77) | 0.245† |
| Yes—episiotomy | 143 (24.8) | 27.0 ± 7.3 | −3.83 (−5.80, −1.85) | <0.001***, † |
| Caesarean | 182 (30.3) | 27.9 ± 7.6 | −2.89 (−4.81, −0.98) | 0.003** |
| No | 77 (12.8) | 30.8 ± 5.9 | Ref | |
| Pain relief method ‡ | ||||
| Caesarean‐general analgesia | 24 (4.0) | 29.2 ± 6.7 | −1.16 (−4.38, 2.05,) | 0.478 |
| Caesarean‐Spinal analgesia | 158 (26.3) | 27.7 ± 7.8 | −2.63 (−4.41, −0.84) | 0.004**, † |
| Vaginal birth‐Entonox | 291 (48.4) | 28.3 ± 7.1 | −2.01 (−3.62, −0.40) | 0.015*, † |
| Vaginal birth‐Hot water shower/massage/birth ball | 22 (3.7) | 29.9 ± 7.9 | −0.38 (−3.71, 2.96) | 0.825 |
| Nothing | 106 (17.6) | 30.3 ± 6.7 | Ref | |
| Admission to birth duration (hour) | ||||
| < 5 | 289 (48.1) | 30.0 ± 6.4 | Ref | |
| ≥ 5 | 312 (51.9) | 27.4 ± 7.8 | −2.60 (−3.75, −1.46) | <0.001***, † |
| Psychological variables | ||||
| Desirability of pregnancy | ||||
| Wanted | 378 (62.9) | 28.3 ± 7.0 | Ref | |
| Unplanned | 74 (12.3) | 27.8 ± 9.0 | −0.474 (−2.29, 1.34) | 0.607 |
| Unwanted | 149 (24.8) | 29.7 ± 7.0 | 1.42 (0.04, 2.80) | 0.044*, † |
| Fear of COVID‐19 | ||||
| Low fear (< the median score) | 280 (46.6) | 29.3 ± 7.6 | Ref | |
| High fear (≥ the median score) | 321 (53.4) | 28.0 ± 6.9 | −1.27 (−2.44, −0.11) | 0.032*, † |
| Well‐being index (WHO‐5 score) | ||||
| < 50 | 139 (23.1) | 26.7 ± 7.1 | −2.48 (−3.85, −1.11) | <0.001***, † |
| ≥ 50 | 462 (76.9) | 29.2 ± 7.3 | Ref | |
| Satisfaction with pregnancy | ||||
| Low satisfied | 133 (22.1) | 26.6 ± 8.0 | −3.23 (−4.99, −1.46) | <0.001***, † |
| Moderately satisfied | 139 (23.1) | 27.8 ± 6.9 | −2.00 (−3.75, −0.27) | 0.017*, † |
| Satisfied/very satisfied | 329 (54.7) | 29.8 ± 6.9 | Ref | |
| Perceived marital/sexual satisfaction | ||||
| Low satisfied | 46 (7.6) | 28.0 ± 9.3 | −0.72 (−2.93, 1.49) | 0.521 |
| Moderately satisfied | 91 (15.1) | 28.1 ± 6.7 | −0.70 (−2.34, 0.94) | 0.401 |
| Satisfied/very satisfied | 464 (77.3) | 28.8 ± 7.2 | Ref | |
| Satisfaction with spouse's support | ||||
| Low satisfied | 40 (6.7) | 25.7 ± 9.2 | −3.15 (−5.49, −0.81) | 0.008**, † |
| Moderately satisfied | 74 (12.3) | 28.6 ± 7.0 | −0.30 (−2.07, 1.48) | 0.742 |
| Satisfied/very satisfied | 487 (81.0) | 28.9 ± 7.1 | Ref | |
†
Variables entered in the multiple linear regression analysis.
£
Vaginal birth after caesarean.
‡
NVD group was included in the analysis.
€
Higher mean scores are indicative of higher birth satisfaction, the highest and lowest possible scores (0–40).
*
<0.05.
**
<0.01.
***
<0.001.