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. 2024 Sep 3;6(5):fcae273. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae273

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© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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ICV adjusted regional volumes plotted by sex for participants in the FASD and HC groups. Beeswarm plots representing each individual’s ICV adjusted regional volume (in cubic millimetre), stratified by sex and group, are shown, and overlaid by the estimated marginal means (diamond shape) from the linear regression model. There was no main effect of sex within the (A) caudate, (B) putamen, (C) pallidum, or (D) cerebellum (P’s > 0.353). However, (E) the corpus callosum continued to show a main effect of sex as well as a group × sex interaction. Error bars represent standard error of the estimated marginal mean. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001. FASD, Adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders; HC, Healthy comparison adults; ICV, Intracranial volume; Resid, Residualized.