Table 1.
Participant demographics and characteristics
| Characteristic | HC (N = 28) | FASD (N = 48) | Statistics |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 43.2 (1.6) | 40.8 (1.0) | t(45.2) = 1.27, P = 0.21, d = 0.324 |
| Sex (M/F) | 14/14 | 26/22 | χ 2(1) = 0.01, P = 0.91, ϕ = 0.0001 |
| BMI | 26.9 (0.9) | 30.0 (1.0) | t(71.3) = −2.21, P = 0.03, d = 0.481 |
| FAS [n (%)] | 24 (50%) | ||
| Handedness [n (% right)] | 25 (89%) | 39 (83%) | χ 2(1) = 0.17, P = 0.68, ϕ = 0.002 |
| Race | |||
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 1 | 6 | |
| Black/African American | 2 | 2 | |
| More than one race | 1 | 10 | |
| White | 24 | 30 | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic | 1 | 2 | |
| Non-Hispanic | 27 | 43 | |
| Unknown/Not reported | 0 | 3 | |
| Education | Fisher's exact test, P < 0.001 | ||
| <High school | 0 | 6 | |
| High school graduate | 0 | 11 | |
| GED | 0 | 5 | |
| College+ | 28 | 26 | |
| Employment | Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.02 | ||
| Full-time | 22 | 18 | |
| Part-time, regular hours | 2 | 5 | |
| Part-time, variable hours | 2 | 9 | |
| Retired/Disability | 1 | 9 | |
| Student | 0 | 1 | |
| Unemployed | 1 | 6 | |
| Living arrangementa | Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.77 | ||
| Alone | 4 | 10 | |
| With family | 20 | 27 | |
| With friends | 0 | 1 | |
| With roommate(s) | 2 | 6 | |
| No stable arrangement | 0 | 1 | |
| AUDIT | 4.24 (2.88) | 3.53 (4.70) | t(67.3) = 0.78, P = 0.44, d = 0.170 |
| WAIS (baseline) | |||
| FSIQb | 113.4 (2.7) | 86.7 (2.3) | t(49.9) = 7.47, P < 0.001, d = 2.003 |
| Verbal IQb | 112.0 (2.2) | 85.1 (2.2) | t(53.0) = 8.71, P < 0.001, d = 2.287 |
| Performance IQb | 112.5 (3.0) | 91.2 (2.7) | t(50.8) = 5.24, P < 0.001, d = 1.397 |
| NIH Toolboxc (follow-up) | |||
| Composite fluid score | 59.1 (2.2) | 40.9 (1.9) | t(50.5) = 6.22, P < 0.001, d = 1.611 |
| Subtest scores | |||
| Dimensional change card sort test | 56.7 (2.4) | 44.7 (1.7) | t(42.6) = 4.11, P < 0.001, d = 1.122 |
| Flanker inhibitory control and attention test | 48.3 (2.3) | 37.3 (1.4) | t(38.2) = 4.10, P < 0.001, d = 1.156 |
| Picture sequence memory test | 60.5 (2.1) | 49.9 (1.5) | t(43.3) = 4.18, P < 0.001, d = 1.135 |
| List sorting working memory test | 54.4 (1.8) | 45.2 (2.0) | t(57.0) = 3.43, P = 0.001, d = 0.841 |
| Pattern comparison processing speed test | 61.2 (2.6) | 42.4 (2.1) | t(48.4) = 5.62, P < 0.001, d = 1.476 |
Entries are of the form mean (standard error). Statistical comparisons were either by means of Welsh t-tests (effect sizes reported as Cohen’s d), χ2 test (ϕ) for equality of proportions or Fisher’s exact test.
AUDIT, Alcohol use disorders identification test; BMI, Body mass index; FASD, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder; HC, Healthy control; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
a2 HC, 3 FASD missing.
b4 HC, 15 FASD missing.
c5 HC, 11 FASD missing.