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. 2024 Sep 2;12:60. doi: 10.1186/s40462-024-00497-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Changes in morphology in partial and full migrants between 1964 and 2020. Wing length (U = 25, P = 0.86) and lean body mass (U = 0.29, P = 0.86) did not differ between migratory strategies. In contrast, a decrease in body mass was evident in partial migrants and this differed from the no-change observed for full migrants (U = 5, P = 0.01). Partial migrants showed a greater decrease in fat mass than did full migrants (U = 2.5, P < 0.01). Estimated changes in flight range also differed (U = 3, P < 0.01) between full and partial migrants with the former estimated to have experienced no change, whilst partial migrants experienced a decrease in range. Number of species are given in red above the bars, and dots represent outlying species. Medians and quartiles (Q1, Q3) are: Δ Wing Length (%): Full = 1.43 (0.43, 2.25), Partial = 1.70 (0.55, 2.55). Δ Body Mass (%): Full = 0.82 (-1.13, 2.30), Partial = -6.42 (-9.59, -4.62). Δ Lean Body Mass (%): Full = 1.14 (0.41,1.65), Partial =1.38 (0.52, 2.11). Δ Fuel Load (%): Full = 0.33 (-2.02, 2.46), Partial = -8.85 (-12.78, -6.52). Δ Estimated Range (%): Full = 0.00 (-15.18, 7.80), Partial = -54.60 (-69.53, -42.38)