Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies.

Study	Year	Country	Study design	Follow-up	Smoking status	SSI definition	Fracture	Patients		Smoker	SSI
								Total, n	% Females
Jensen et al. (13)	2023	Denmark	PS	≥1 year	Current	CDC	Ankle	588	53.2	59	119
Sagherian et al. (12)	2022	USA	RS	30 days	Not clear	Self-defining	Ankle	33741	58.7	99	334
Shen et al. (14)	2022	China	RS	≥1 year	Not clear	CDC	Calcaneal	302	41.4	10	24
Zhao et al. (36)	2022	China	RS	≥1 year	Current	CDC	Ankle	378	55.6	21	70
Lu et al. (37)	2022	China	RS	≥1 year	Current	CDC	Calcaneal	1400	40.4	8	24
Sato et al. (44)	2021	Japan	RS	≥6 months	Not clear	CDC	Ankle	1201	42.6	23	69
Davey et al. (38)	2021	Ireland	RS	≥6 months	Current	Self-defining	Calcaneal	104	56.7	4	5
Braunstein et al. (42)	2020	Germany	PS	≥1 year	Not clear	NI	Ankle	32	56.3	1	2
Liu et al. (45)	2020	China	RS	≥4 months	Not clear	CDC	Ankle	1532	42.0	10	45
Abdelgaid et al. (43)	2018	Kuwait	PS	≥34 months	Not clear	NI	Ankle	47	61.7	1	3
Su et al. (40)	2017	China	PS	NI	Current	Self-defining	Calcaneal	999	73.3	11	17
Olsen et al. (19)	2017	Denmark	RS	>30 days	Current	Self-defining	Ankle	1043	58.7	21	64
Sun et al. (41)	2017	China	RS	NI	Current	CDC	Ankle	1247	46	11	46
Naumann et al. (41)	2017	Norway	RS	NI	Current	Self-defining	Ankle	567	56.8	10	29
Soni et al. (48)	2014	UK	RS	NI	Not clear	Self-defining	Calcaneal	69	27.5	6	10
Schepers et al. (49)	2013	Netherlands	RS	≥6 months	Not clear	CDC	Ankle	101	60.4	4	14

CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; NI, no information; PS, prospective study; RS, retrospective study; SSI, surgical site infection.