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. 2024 Sep 2;20(1):2397872. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2397872
  HepB-CpG recipients HepB-alum recipients Total p-value
 
N = 81
n (%)
N = 125
n (%)
N = 206
n (%)
 
Medicaid enrollment, ever from conception to vaccination * 9 (11.1) 19 (15.2) 27 (13.1) .40
Duration of membership prior to conception       .37
None (enrolled after conception) 2 (2.5) 2 (1.6) 4 (1.9)  
<1 month 1 (1.2) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5)  
1 - <6 months 11 (13.6) 13 (10.4) 24 (11.7)  
6 months - <1 year 5 (6.2) 16 (12.8) 21 (10.2)  
≥1 year 62 (76.5) 94 (75.2) 156 (75.7)  
Duration of membership from conception to vaccination       .14
N/A (vaccination prior to conception) 45 (55.6) 49 (39.2) 94 (45.6)  
<1 month 18 (22.2) 41 (32.8) 59 (28.6)  
1 - <4 months 11 (13.6) 20 (16.0) 31 (15.0)  
≥4 months 7 (8.6) 15 (12.0) 22 (10.7)  
History of gestational diabetes in year prior to conception 6 (7.4) 7 (5.6) 13 (6.3) .60
Hypertension in year prior to conception 8 (9.9) 8 (6.4) 16 (7.8) .36
Substance use disorder in year prior to conception 1 (1.2) 5 (4.0) 6 (2.9) .25
Alcohol use disorder in year prior to conception 0 (0.0) 1 (0.8) 1 (0.5) .42
Mental health disorder in year prior to conception 1 (1.2) 5 (4.0) 6 (2.9) .25
Smoking during current pregnancy       .08
No 62 (76.5) 79 (63.2) 141 (68.4)  
Yes 4 (4.9) 5 (4.0) 9 (4.4)  
Unknown 15 (18.5) 41 (32.8) 56 (27.2)  
Charlson comorbidity index in year prior to conception       .30
0 46 (56.8) 83 (66.4) 129 (62.6)  
1 24 (29.6) 29 (23.2) 53 (25.7)  
2 8 (9.9) 12 (9.6) 20 (9.7)  
3+ 3 (3.7) 1 (0.8) 4 (1.9)  
Individual Charlson comorbidities        
Congestive heart failure 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Peripheral vascular disease 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Cerebrovascular disease 0 (0.0) 1 (0.8) 1 (0.5) .42
Dementia 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 6 (7.4) 9 (7.2) 15 (7.3) .96
Connective tissue/rheumatic disease 1 (1.2) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) .21
Peptic ulcer disease 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Mild liver disease 1 (1.2) 5 (4.0) 6 (2.9) .25
Moderate/severe liver disease 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Diabetes without complications 25 (30.9) 25 (20.0) 50 (24.3) .08
Diabetes with complications 6 (7.4) 7 (5.6) 13 (6.3) .60
Paraplegia and hemiplegia 0 (0.0) 1 (0.8) 1 (0.5) .42
Renal disease 2 (2.5) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.0) .08
Cancer 1 (1.2) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) .21
Metastatic carcinoma 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
AIDS/HIV 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Date of conception       .80
January-December 2018 19 (23.5) 33 (26.4) 52 (25.2)  
January-December 2019 38 (46.9) 53 (42.4) 91 (44.2)  
January-November 2020 24 (29.6) 39 (31.2) 63 (30.6)  
Single/multiple gestation       .25
Singleton pregnancy 81 (100.0) 123 (98.4) 204 (99.0)  
Multiple gestation 0 (0.0) 2 (1.6) 2 (1.0)  
Any inpatient visit in year prior to vaccination 5 (6.2) 10 (8.0) 15 (7.3) .62
Any emergency department visit in year prior to vaccination 19 (23.5) 29 (23.2) 48 (23.3) .97
Number of outpatient visits in year prior to conception       .64
0 7 (8.6) 5 (4.0) 12 (5.8)  
1 5 (6.2) 6 (4.8) 11 (5.3)  
2-4 15 (18.5) 26 (20.8) 41 (19.9)  
5-9 25 (30.9) 45 (36.0) 70 (34.0)  
10+ 29 (35.8) 43 (34.4) 72 (35.0)  
Number of prior pregnancies       .40
0 21 (25.9) 25 (20.0) 46 (22.3)  
1 22 (27.2) 29 (23.2) 51 (24.8)  
2+ 32 (39.5) 54 (43.2) 86 (41.7)  
Missing 6 (7.4) 17 (13.6) 23 (11.2)  
Number of prior live births       .15
0 31 (38.3) 38 (30.4) 69 (33.5)  
1 20 (24.7) 43 (34.4) 63 (30.6)  
2+ 24 (29.6) 27 (21.6) 51 (24.8)  
Missing 6 (7.4) 17 (13.6) 23 (11.2)  
Number of prior pregnancies not ending in live birth       .44
0 47 (58.0) 64 (51.2) 111 (53.9)  
1 19 (23.5) 26 (20.8) 45 (21.8)  
2+ 9 (11.1) 18 (14.4) 27 (13.1)  
Missing 6 (7.4) 17 (13.6) 23 (11.2)  
Complications of current pregnancy        
Gestational diabetes 14 (11.2) 9 (11.1) 23 (11.2) .98
Preeclampsia 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Kidney disease 0 (0.0) 2 (2.5) 2 (1.0) .08
Autoimmune disease 1 (0.8) 4 (4.9) 5 (2.4) .76
COVID-19 disease 1 (0.8) 4 (4.9) 5 (2.4) .06
Other vaccinations between conception and hepatitis B vaccination (excluding the hepatitis B vaccination date)        
Influenza 10 (12.3) 26 (20.8) 36 (17.5) .12
Pneumococcal 0 (0.0) 1 (0.8) 1 (0.5) .42
COVID-19 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
HPV 1 (1.2) 3 (2.4) 4 (1.9) .55
HepA 1 (1.2) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) .21
Hib 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Japanese encephalitis 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
MMR 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Meningococcal 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Polio 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Rabies 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Tdap 5 (6.2) 9 (7.2) 14 (6.8) .77
Td 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Typhoid 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Varicella 0 (0.0) 1 (0.8) 1 (0.5) .42
Yellow fever 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Zoster 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Other vaccinations between hepatitis B vaccination and end of pregnancy (excluding hepatitis B vaccination date)        
Influenza 36 (44.4) 45 (36.0) 81 (39.3) .23
Pneumococcal 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) N/A
COVID-19 3 (3.7) 2 (1.6) 5 (2.4) .34
HPV 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) N/A
HepA 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Hib 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Japanese encephalitis 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
MMR 0 (0.0) 2 (1.6) 2 (1.0) .25
Meningococcal 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Polio 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Rabies 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Tdap 61 (75.3) 72 (57.6) 133 (64.6) <.01
Td 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Typhoid 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Varicella 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Yellow fever 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Zoster 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Other concomitant vaccinations on hepatitis B vaccination date        
Yes 32 (39.5) 47 (37.6) 79 (38.3) .78
Influenza 18 (22.2) 21 (16.8) 39 (18.9) .33
Pneumococcal 9 (11.1) 12 (9.6) 21 (10.2) .73
COVID-19 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
HPV 0 (0.0) 3 (2.4) 3 (1.5) .16
HepA 1 (1.2) 4 (3.2) 5 (2.4) .37
Hib 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Japanese encephalitis 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
MMR 4 (4.9) 11 (8.8) 15 (7.3) .30
Meningococcal 1 (1.2) 1 (0.8) 2 (1.0) .76
Polio 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Rabies 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Tdap 2 (2.5) 7 (5.6) 9 (4.4) .28
Td 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Typhoid 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Varicella 0 (0.0) 6 (4.8) 6 (2.9) .05
Yellow fever 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A
Zoster 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) N/A

Abbreviations: N/A, not applicable; HPV, human papillomavirus; HepA, hepatitis A; Hib, Haemophilus influenzae type B; MMR, measles, mumps, rubella; Tdap, tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis; Td, tetanus-diphtheria.

*Vaccination refers to the first hepatitis B dose during the period from 28 d prior to conception through the end of pregnancy.