Table 1:
Baseline characteristics for young people at risk for HIV in Los Angeles and New Orleans by intervention group and total analytic sample
| AMMI only (n=313) | AMMI plus peer support (n=205) | AMMI plus coaching (n=196) | AMMI plus peer support and coaching (n=181) | Overall (n=895) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age, years (SD) | 21·05 (2·07) | 21·00 (2·27) | 20·88 (2·19) | 21·19 (2·12) | 21·03 (2·15) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 286 (91%) | 194 (95%) | 180 (92%) | 170 (94%) | 830 (93%) |
| Female | 27 (9%) | 11 (5%) | 16 (8%) | 11 (6%) | 65 (7%) |
| Gender* | |||||
| Cisgender | 249 (80%) | 173 (84%) | 147 (75%) | 155 (86%) | 724 (81%) |
| Transgender man | 20 (6%) | 9 (4%) | 13 (7%) | 6 (3%) | 48 (5%) |
| Transgender woman | 19 (6%) | 15 (7%) | 17 (9%) | 8 (4%) | 59 (7%) |
| Gender-diverse man | 18 (6%) | 6 (3%) | 16 (8%) | 7 (4%) | 47 (5%) |
| Gender-diverse woman | 7 (2%) | 2 (1%) | 3 (2%) | 5 (3%) | 17 (2%) |
| Sexual orientation† | |||||
| Gay | 171 (55%) | 121 (59%) | 102 (52%) | 107 (59%) | 501 (56%) |
| Bisexual | 78 (25%) | 51 (25%) | 56 (29%) | 49 (27%) | 234 (26%) |
| Pansexual | 28 (9%) | 9 (4%) | 18 (9%) | 11 (6%) | 66 (7%) |
| Heterosexual | 17 (5%) | 8 (4%) | 11 (6%) | 5 (3%) | 41 (5%) |
| Queer | 12 (4%) | 13 (6%) | 6 (3%) | 6 (3%) | 37 (4%) |
| Other non-heterosexual | 7 (2%) | 3 (1%) | 3 (2%) | 3 (2%) | 16 (2%) |
| Race or ethnicity | |||||
| Black or African American‡ | 141 (45%) | 79 (39%) | 77 (39%) | 65 (36%) | 362 (40%) |
| Latinx or Hispanic | 80 (26%) | 58 (28%) | 61 (31%) | 58 (32%) | 257 (29%) |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 60 (19%) | 47 (23%) | 33 (17%) | 44 (24%) | 184 (21%) |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 20 (6%) | 14 (7%) | 10 (5%) | 9 (5%) | 53 (6%) |
| Other or mixed background | 12 (4%) | 7 (3%) | 15 (8%) | 5 (3%) | 39 (4%) |
| City | |||||
| Los Angeles, CA, USA | 185 (59%) | 127 (62%) | 120 (61%) | 114 (63%) | 546 (61%) |
| New Orleans, LA, USA | 128 (41%) | 78 (38%) | 76 (39%) | 67 (37%) | 349 (39%) |
| Education | |||||
| Below high school | 55 (18%) | 30 (15%) | 28 (14%) | 24 (13%) | 137 (15%) |
| High school or equivalent | 77 (25%) | 41 (20%) | 47 (24%) | 41 (23%) | 206 (23%) |
| Some higher education | 144 (46%) | 94 (46%) | 100 (51%) | 81 (45%) | 419 (47%) |
| Completed higher education | 34 (11%) | 35 (17%) | 19 (10%) | 31 (17%) | 119 (13%) |
| Income above federal poverty level (2021) | 101 (32%) | 74 (36%) | 79 (40%) | 54 (30%) | 308 (34%) |
| Insurance status | |||||
| Insured | 235 (75%) | 166 (81%) | 147 (75%) | 139 (77%) | 687 (77%) |
| Uninsured or unsure | 78 (25%) | 39 (19%) | 49 (25%) | 42 (23%) | 208 (23%) |
| Sexual risk and protective behaviours | |||||
| Sexually transmitted infection (in lifetime) | 104 (33%) | 71 (35%) | 69 (35%) | 64 (35%) | 308 (34%) |
| Sexually transmitted infection (in past 4 months) | 78 (25%) | 46 (22%) | 49 (25%) | 48 (27%) | 221 (25%) |
| Condomless sex with partner with HIV (in lifetime)§ | 27/305 (9%) | 16/192 (8%) | 14/184 (8%) | 19/176 (11%) | 76/857 (9%) |
| Condomless anal sex in past year | 212 (68%) | 120 (59%) | 131 (67%) | 128 (71%) | 591 (66%) |
| 100% condom use with all partners (in lifetime)§ | 67/305 (22%) | 49/192 (26%) | 30/184 (16%) | 30/176 (17%) | 176/857 (21%) |
| 100% condom use with all partners (in past 4 months)¶ | 118/275 (43%) | 72/173 (42%) | 63/163 (39%) | 58/157 (37%) | 311/768 (40%) |
| No sexual activity (in past 4 months) | 38 (12%) | 32 (16%) | 33 (17%) | 24 (13%) | 127 (14%) |
| Mean number of recent sexual partners (in past 4 months; SD) | 3·70 (6·99) | 5·46 (19·25) | 3·09 (3·95) | 5·06 (15·66) | 4·25 (12·51) |
| PrEP use (in lifetime) | 49 (16%) | 38 (19%) | 44 (22%) | 36 (20%) | 167 (19%) |
| PrEP use (current) | 34 (11%) | 23 (11%) | 26 (13%) | 18 (10%) | 101 (11%) |
| PEP use (in lifetime)* | 15 (5%) | 6 (3%) | 17 (9%) | 15 (8%) | 53 (6%) |
| PEP use (in past 4 months)* | 4 (1%) | 3 (1%) | 8 (4%) | 9 (5%) | 24 (3%) |
| Sex exchange (in lifetime)* | 93 (30%) | 43 (21%) | 40 (20%) | 41 (23%) | 217 (24%) |
| Substance use | |||||
| Cannabis use (in past 4 months) | 231 (74%) | 140 (68%) | 142 (72%) | 135 (75%) | 648 (72%) |
| AUDIT-C hazardous drinking | 126 (40%) | 93 (45%) | 78 (40%) | 73 (40%) | 370 (41%) |
| Opioid use (in past 4 months) | 13 (4%) | 13 (6%) | 10 (5%) | 14 (8%) | 50 (6%) |
| Stimulant use (cocaine or methamphetamines) | 69 (22%) | 49 (24%) | 47 (24%) | 42 (23%) | 207 (23%) |
| Poppers (nitrite inhalants) use (in lifetime)* | 74 (24%) | 68 (33%) | 58 (30%) | 60 (33%) | 260 (29%) |
| Mental health | |||||
| Suicide attempt (in lifetime) | 103 (33%) | 50 (24%) | 63 (32%) | 51 (28%) | 267 (30%) |
| PHQ-9 depression symptoms (clinical cutoff) | 98 (31%) | 62 (30%) | 57 (29%) | 55 (30%) | 272 (30%) |
| GAD-7 anxiety symptoms (clinical cutoff) | 124 (40%) | 70 (34%) | 63 (32%) | 65 (36%) | 322 (36%) |
| Mental health hospitalisation (in lifetime)* | 94 (30%) | 36 (18%) | 45 (23%) | 31 (17%) | 206 (23%) |
| Homelessness (in lifetime)* | 140 (45%) | 58 (28%) | 57 (29%) | 62 (34%) | 317 (35%) |
| Incarceration (in lifetime)* | 62 (20%) | 26 (13%) | 23 (12%) | 30 (17%) | 141 (16%) |
| Intimate partner violence (in lifetime)* | 108 (35%) | 57 (28%) | 59 (30%) | 49 (27%) | 273 (31%) |
| Support services use (in past 4 months)* | 158 (50%) | 83 (40%) | 60 (31%) | 57 (31%) | 358 (40%) |
Data are n (%) or n/N (%) unless otherwise stated. Some percentages do not total 100% due to missing values. AMMI=automated text messaging and monitoring. AUDIT-C=alcohol use disorders identification test consumption. PrEP=pre-exposure prophylaxis. PEP=post-exposure prophylaxis. PHQ-9=Patient Heath Questionnaire-9. GAD-7=Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7.
χ2 tests of independence for imbalances at baseline between groups p<0·05.
Sexual orientation is given as was reported at baseline. Men who have sex with men identifying as heterosexual were classified as gay or bisexual on the basis of behavioural reports for the longitudinal analysis.
Includes young people specifying Black non-Hispanic and 64 people reporting Black Hispanic or Black and other or mixed background, where other or mixed background excludes Black or African American.
Denominators exclude missing data, refusals, and participants not reporting vaginal or anal intercourse in their lifetime.
Denominators exclude participants reporting no sexual activity in past 4 months at baseline.