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. 2024 Jul 30;54(5):375–385. doi: 10.1007/s10519-024-10190-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Diagram representing the thresholds for initiation of lifetime smoking and lifetime cannabis use, split by sample and sex. Blue lines represent the threshold for females and red represent the threshold for males. Thresholds can be interpreted as a z-score and are depicted here against a normal distribution with mean of 0 and variance of 1