Table 1.
Cancer Cases and Matched Controls Characteristics
| Cancer Cases (n = 31,534) | Matched Controls (4:1) (n = 126,136) |
Breast (n = 10,167) | Lung (n = 246) | Prostate (n = 2,845) | Brain/CNS (n = 254) | Hematologic (n = 2,538) | Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (n = 884) | Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (n = 374) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average age, y | 59.4 ± 7.2 | 59.4 ± 7.2 | 59.6 ± 6.7 | 60.6 ± 6.5 | 63.7 ± 4.4 | 54.9 ± 8.5 | 58.2 ± 7.9 | 58.4 ± 7.7 | 53.9 ± 8.1 |
| Age <50 y | 3,760 (11.9) | 15,040 (11.9) | 956 (9.4) | 19 (7.7) | 22 (0.8) | 80 (31.5) | 442 (17.4) | 145 (16.4) | 126 (33.7) |
| Age 50-59 y | 9,332 (29.6) | 37,328 (29.6) | 3,244 (31.9) | 74 (30.1) | 422 (14.8) | 83 (32.7) | 740 (29.2) | 263 (29.8) | 138 (36.9) |
| Age 60-69 y | 9,468 (30.0) | 37,872 (30.0) | 3,276 (32.2) | 70 (28.5) | 943 (33.1) | 52 (20.5) | 702 (27.7) | 246 (27.8) | 64 (17.1) |
| Age 65 y or older | 8,974 (28.5) | 35,896 (28.5) | 2,691 (26.5) | 83 (33.7) | 1,458 (51.2) | 39 (15.4) | 654 (25.8) | 230 (26.0) | 46 (12.3) |
| Women | 20,963 (66.5) | 83,852 (66.5) | 10,167 (100.0) | 113 (45.9) | 143 (56.3) | 1,154 (45.5) | 410 (46.4) | 192 (51.3) | |
| Men | 10,571 (33.5) | 42,284 (33.5) | 133 (54.1%) | 2,845 (100.0%) | 111 (43.7%) | 1,384 (54.5%) | 474 (53.6%) | 182 (48.7%) | |
| Ethnicity other than White | 1,055 (3.3) | 4,330 (3.4) | 340 (3.3) | 13 (5.3) | 111 (3.9) | 17 (6.7) | 105 (4.1) | 32 (3.6) | 16 (4.3) |
| Above UK median deprivation | 9,554 (30.3) | 38,045 (30.2) | 2,971 (29.2) | 116 (47.2) | 763 (26.8) | 85 (33.5) | 806 (31.8) | 275 (31.1) | 117 (31.3) |
| Townsend deprivation index | −2.2 (−3.7 to 0.4) | −2.2 (−3.7 to 0.4) | −2.3 (−3.7 to 0.2) | −0.7 (−3.1 to 2.6) | −2.5 (−3.8 to −0.1) | −1.9 (−3.6 to 0.9) | −2.1 (−3.7 to 0.6) | −2.0 (−3.7 to 0.7) | −2.0 (−3.7 to 0.5) |
| Postsecondary education | 17,735 (56.2) | 70,966 (56.3) | 5,620 (55.3) | 117 (47.6) | 1,726 (60.7) | 163 (64.2) | 1,468 (57.8) | 551 (62.3) | 232 (62.0) |
| Family history of heart disease | 14,012 (44.4) | 55,898 (44.3) | 4,763 (46.8) | 100 (40.7) | 1,164 (40.9) | 93 (36.6) | 1,075 (42.4) | 385 (43.6) | 137 (36.6) |
| Family history of stroke | 8,872 (28.1) | 35,596 (28.2) | 3,050 (30.0) | 56 (22.8) | 765 (26.9) | 57 (22.4) | 665 (26.2) | 231 (26.1) | 76 (20.3) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 139.6 ± 9.1 | 139.5 ± 19.1 | 138.3 ± 19.3 | 138.5 ± 20.8 | 145.5 ± 17.5 | 136.9 ± 18.6 | 138.3 ± 19.0 | 137.7 ± 18.5 | 135.9 ± 20.5 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.8 ± 1.2 | 5.8 ± 1.1 | 6.0 ± 1.1 | 5.7 ± 1.2 | 5.5 ± 1.1 | 5.9 ± 1.2 | 5.6 ± 1.2 | 5.7 ± 1.2 | 5.8 ± 1.1 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 35.6 (33.2-38.2) | 35.5 (33.2-38.1) | 35.9 (33.5-38.4) | 36.5 (34.1-39.6) | 35.7 (33.3-38.3) | 35.2 (32.0-37.1) | 35.3 (32.5-38.1) | 35.0 (32.5-37.7) | 35.2 (32.6-38.0) |
| Current smoker | 3,100 (9.8) | 12,413 (9.8) | 783 (7.7) | 37 (15.0) | 233 (8.2) | 26 (10.2) | 264 (10.4) | 79 (8.9) | 45 (12.0) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.6 (24.0-29.9) | 26.6 (24.0-29.9) | 26.2 (23.6-29.5) | 26.6 (24.0-29.9) | 27.3 (25.0-29.8) | 27.4 (24.2-30.9) | 26.6 (24.1-29.9) | 26.6 (23.9-29.4) | 25.8 (23.5-29.3) |
| Obesity | 7,713 (24.5) | 30,620 (24.3) | 2,267 (22.3) | 59 (24.0) | 672 (23.6) | 80 (31.5) | 621 (24.5) | 201 (22.7) | 79 (21.1) |
| Alcohol intake daily, yes | 6,416 (20.3) | 25,661 (20.3) | 1,778 (17.5) | 47 (19.1) | 799 (28.1) | 35 (13.8) | 492 (19.4) | 184 (20.8) | 65 (17.4) |
| Physically active, yesa | 22,722 (72.1) | 91,011 (72.2) | 7,287 (71.7) | 162 (65.9) | 2,181 (76.7) | 183 (72.0) | 1,777 (70.0) | 651 (73.6) | 261 (69.8) |
| Hypertension | 10,120 (32.1) | 40,348 (32.0) | 2,837 (27.9) | 72 (29.3) | 1,178 (41.4) | 70 (27.6) | 833 (32.8) | 261 (29.5) | 84 (22.5) |
| High cholesterol | 5,599 (17.8) | 22,292 (17.7) | 1,451 (14.3) | 52 (21.1) | 795 (27.9) | 42 (16.5) | 427 (16.8) | 147 (16.6) | 52 (13.9) |
| Diabetes | 1,718 (5.4) | 6,686 (5.3) | 421 (4.1) | 15 (6.1) | 192 (6.7) | 8 (3.1) | 154 (6.1) | 45 (5.1) | 15 (4.0) |
| 10-y outcomes | |||||||||
| CVD 1 | 1,542 (4.9) | 5,423 (4.3) | 302 (3.0) | 20 (8.1) | 218 (7.7) | 25 (9.8) | 227 (8.9) | 55 (6.2) | 45 (12.0) |
| CVD 2 | 3,636 (11.5) | 12,087 (9.6) | 847 (8.3) | 52 (21.1) | 464 (16.3) | 35 (13.8) | 533 (21.0) | 145 (16.4) | 89 (23.8) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1,707 (5.4) | 5,693 (4.5) | 397 (3.9) | 29 (11.8) | 234 (8.2) | 13 (5.1) | 230 (9.1) | 65 (7.4) | 29 (7.8) |
| Heart failure | 789 (2.5) | 2,204 (1.7) | 188 (1.8) | 17 (6.9) | 97 (3.4) | 2 (0.8) | 165 (6.5) | 50 (5.7) | 25 (6.7) |
| Stroke | 664 (2.1) | 2,072 (1.6) | 151 (1.5) | 7 (2.8) | 84 (3.0) | 19 (7.5) | 86 (3.4) | 20 (2.3) | 12 (3.2) |
| Full follow-up time, y | 13.5 (12.6-14.3) | 13.6 (12.9-14.4) | 13.5 (12.6-14.3) | 12.4 (5.7-13.9) | 13.4 (12.5-14.2) | 13.1 (12.4-14.0) | 13.2 (12.3-14.1) | 13.3 (12.4-14.1) | 13.4 (12.5-14.3) |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%), or median (Q1-Q3).
CNS = central nervous system; CVD = cardiovascular disease; HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin; HDL = high-density lipoprotein.
a
Physically active is defined as >600 summed metabolic equivalent task minutes per week. Median UK Townsend deprivation index = −0.35 as per 2011 UK Census. CVD 1 = combined endpoint including nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular mortality where cardiovascular mortality is defined as any death with a primary cause from International Classification of Diseases-Tenth Revision codes I00-I80. CVD 2 = combined endpoint including everything from CVD 1 plus incident atrial fibrillation, heart failure, nonischemic cardiomyopathies and valvular heart disease.