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. 2024 Sep 3;15:7664. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-51945-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — a t-SNE plots of tumor scRNA-seq data (n = 3 samples were pooled to control for biological variability). CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts. b Bubble plot outlines the expression of canonical lineage cell markers used for cell cluster annotation. The percentage expressed in each subset is indicated by the size of the dots, and average expression intensity is indicated by color. c Stacked bar plots show the percentages of the different cell clusters in the two treatment conditions (Vehicle and mtDSN-2) by scRNA-seq. d T cells-only t-SNE projection shows emergent sub-clusters. Supervised T-cell state classification confirms different functional T-cell subsets: naive-like, early activated (EA), progenitor exhausted (Tpex), exhausted (Tex), effector memory (EM) and regulatory T cells (Treg). e Donut chart shows the proportion of T-cell subsets in two treatment conditions. f Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of DEGs showing gene set enrichment associated with cell activation of T cells following mtDSN-2 treatment. FDR, false discovery rate, ES, enrichment score. g Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs showing pathways associated with antitumor response of T cells. h Violin plots represent the expression of activation and cytotoxicity markers in the T-cell subset. i Heat map of representative DEGs in CAFs. j Stacked bar plot showing the proportion of M1 and M2-like clusters in macrophages. k, l t-SNE projection of macrophages reveals Mrc1 (CD206) and Nos2 (iNOS) single-cell transcripts that are clustered in the high-dimensional space in two treatment conditions and then quantified with violin plot. m, n Violin plots represent the expression of IL1a and IL1b in the macrophage subset. o GSEA of DEGs showing gene set enrichment associated with ROS production and proinflammation in macrophages following mtDSN-2 treatment. p Increased neutrophils recruitment following mtDSN-2 treatment. q Violin plot representing the expression of the Arg1 gene in the neutrophil subset. r GSEA of DEGs showing gene set enrichment associated with proinflammation in neutrophils following mtDSN-2 treatment. s Violin plots representing the expression of indicated genes in the neutrophil subset. Statistical analysis by permutation test (f, o and r) and Wilcoxon rank sum test (h, k–n, q and s). Source data are provided as a Source data file.