Table 3.
Summary of study measures.
| Interview-Based Measures | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Construct | Measurement Instrument | Baseline Visit | Randomization Visit | Mid-tx Visit (week 4) | Post-Tx Visit | 2-M F/U Visit |
| Psychiatric Diagnoses | Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) [61] | x | ||||
| Substance Use | Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) [55] | x | x | x | x | x |
| Substance-Related Problems | Short Inventory of Problems Revised (SIP-R) [56] | x | x | x | x | x |
| Engagement in treatment services | Adaptation of the Treatment Services Questionnaire (TSQ) [62] | x | x | x | x | x |
| Suicidality | Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) [63] | x | ||||
| Homicidal Ideation | Items adapted from the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) [63] | x | ||||
| Self-Report Measures | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Construct | Measurement Instrument | Baseline Visit | Randomization Visit | Mid-tx Visit (week 4) | Post-Tx Visit | 2-M F/U Visit |
| Demographics and Addiction History (e.g., primary drug of choice, past treatment episodes) | Demographics and Addiction History Questionnaire [64] | x | ||||
| Mindfulness | Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R) [65] | x | x | x | x | |
| Psychological Distress | Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) [57] | x | x | x | x | |
| Quantitative Ratings of Treatment Acceptability Dimensions | Treatment acceptability items based on the theoretical framework of acceptability (TFA) [66] | x | x | |||
| Willingness to engage in program | “I am willing to try out a smartphone app that teaches mindfulness skills for improving one's recovery” | x | ||||
| Usability | “Overall, I thought the program was easy to use” | x | ||||
| Understandability | “Overall, the material covered in the program was clear and understandable” | x | ||||
| Engage-ability | “Overall, the program did a good job at keeping me engaged as I was going through it” | x | ||||
| Appeal of visual content | “Overall, I thought the visual content of the program was appealing and high quality” | x | ||||
| Helpfulness | “Overall, I found the program helpful for me and my recovery” | x | ||||
| Acquisition of skills | “Overall, I learned valuable skills after participating in the program | x | ||||
| Confidence implementing skills | “I am confident in my ability to apply these skills in my daily life” | x | ||||
| Chronic Pain | Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) [67] | x | x | x | x | |
| Biological Measures | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Construct | Measurement Instrument | Baseline Visit | Randomization Visit | Mid-tx Visit (week 4) | Post-Tx Visit | 2-M F/U Visit |
| Urine drug screens | x | x | x | x | x | |
| Breathalyzer | x | x | x | x | x | |
| Smartphone-Based EMA Measures | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Construct | Measurement Items | Past Day Report | Midday, Afternoon, and Evening Reports |
| Past Day Substance Use | Items assessing past day substance use (yes or no for each substance) | x | |
| “Yesterday, did you use any of the following substances …” | |||
| Recent Substance Use | Items assessing recent substance use during the period occurring after the last EMA survey to the current moment | x | x |
| “Since waking up today until now, have you used any of the following substances …” | |||
| Recent Exposure to Drug Cues | Items assessing recent exposure to the sight of drugs or other people using drugs | x | x |
| “Have substances been directly visible to you?” | |||
| “Have you seen people, places, otr things that triggered craving for substancces?” | |||
| Recent Exposure to stressors | Items assessing about exposure to stressors and severity of stressors | x | x |
| “Has anything stressful happened to you?” | |||
| How stressful has this situation been?” | |||
| Recent involvement in a pleasant activity | An item assessing recent involving in a pleasant activity | x | x |
| “Have you been involved in a pleasant/enjoyable activity that does not involve substances?” | |||
| Recent Use of the “BOAT” tool | An item assessing use of the BOAT tool * only participants randomized to Mindful Journey “I practiced the BOAT” (yes or no) |
x | x |
| Recent Use of the “SOAK” Tool | An item assessing use of the SOAK tool | x | x |
| * only participants randomized to Mindful Journey | |||
| “I practiced the SOAK” (yes or no) | |||
| Momentary Positive Emotion | Items assessing momentary positive emotions (excited, grateful, sense of connection, happy, relaxed, sense of meaning/purpose) | x | |
| Momentary Negative Emotion | Items asking about momentary negative emotions (Sad, Angry, lonely, ashamed, anxious, bored) | x | |
| Momentary Physical Pain | An item assessing intensity of momentary pain “Please rate your pain” |
x | |
| Momentary Mindfulness | Items assessing momentary mindfulness, adapted from the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R) [65] | x | |
| “I am able to focus on the present moment” | |||
| “I can notice my thoughts and feelings without judging them” | |||
| “I am able to accept the thoughts and feelings I am having” | |||
| Momentary Difficulties in Emotion Regulation | 3 items from the State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS) [68] | ||
| “I am having difficulty controlling my behaviors” | |||
| “My emotions feel out of control” | |||
| “I believe I will continue feeling this way for a long time” | |||
| Momentary Savoring | 3 items assessing momentary savoring adapted from the Savoring Beliefs Inventory (SBI) [69] | x | |
| “I feel fully able to appreciate good things” | |||
| “I can't seem to capture joy of happy moments” | |||
| “I find it easy to enjoy myself when I want to” | |||
| Momentary Craving | Single item assessing intensity of momentary drug craving | x | |
| “I crave or desire alcohol or drugs” | |||