Effects of intravenous saline, naltrexone, and nalmefene on prolactin, in male volunteers only (time course: panel a; area under the curve: panel b). Data (n = 9) are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. Time course data (a): A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was significant for main effects of treatment day, F(2, 16) = 9.37, p = .003, and time, F(12, 96) = 2.10, p < .03, and their interaction, F(24, 192) = 3.94, p < .0001. Area under the curve (AUC) data for the period 0 to 180 min (b): A one-way repeated measures ANOVA was significant, F(2, 16) = 5.44, p = .016. Black lines in the lower panel show significant Tukey post hoc tests.