Table 4.
Continuous data - functional improvement and analgesic use.
| Study | Follow-Up Interval | Functional Outcome Measure | % Mean Improvement in Remaining Subjects at Each Interval | Analgesic Improvement Outcome Measure | % Mean Improvement in Remaining Subjects at Each Interval |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akbas 2018 [46] | 1 month 3 months 6 months |
ODI |
Caudal 52% 46% 44% S1 Transforaminal 71% 64% 56% L5-S1 Transforaminal 67% 56% 51% |
||
| Chun-jing 2012 [47] | 7 days 1 month 6 months |
MME reduction |
Adhesiolysis: 50% 50% 51% Caudal ESI only: 33% 21% 20% |
||
| Gerdesmeyer 2013 [44] | 3 months 6 months 12 months |
ODI |
Neurolysis 52% 78% 83% |
||
| Gerdesmeyer 2021 [45] | 12 months 120 months |
ODI |
Neurolysis 83% 79% |
||
| Karm 2018 [18] | 1 month 3 months 6 months |
ODI |
Racz 21% 23% 14% ZiNeu 29% 33% 42% |
||
| Manchikanti 2008 [25] | 3 months 6 months 12 months |
ODI |
Caudal, No Steroid 46% 50% 51% Caudal ESI 52% 53% 56% |
MME reduction |
Caudal, No Steroid 41% 41% 41% Caudal ESI 40% 41% 40% |
| Manchikanti 2008 [26] | 3 months 6 months 12 months |
ODI |
Caudal, No Steroid 45% 44% 45% Caudal ESI 43% 44% 42% |
MME reduction |
Caudal, No Steroid 31% 16% 30% Caudal ESI 32% 33% 34% |
| Manchikanti 2008 [27] | 3 months 6 months 12 months |
ODI |
Caudal, No Steroid 42% 46% 50% CESI 37% 41% 39% |
MME reduction |
Caudal, No Steroid 22% 24% 24% Caudal ESI 36% 38% 38% |
| Manchikanti 2008 [28] | 3 months 6 months 12 months |
ODI |
Caudal, No Steroid 49% 51% 51% Caudal ESI 49% 51% 51% |
MME reduction |
Caudal, No Steroid 25% 25% 25% Caudal ESI 25% 17% 24% |
| Manchikanti 2009 [24] | 3 months 6 months 12 months |
ODI |
Caudal ESI 29% 22% 19% Adhesiolysis 51% 51% 49% |
MME reduction |
Caudal ESI 2% 15% 2% Adhesiolysis 34% 23% 36% |
| Manchikanti 2009 [20] | 3 months 6 months 12 months |
ODI |
Caudal ESI 23% 17% 16% Adhesiolysis 49% 48% 49% |
MME reduction |
Caudal ESI 17% 17% 17% Adhesiolysis 16% 16% 16% |
| Manchikanti 2010 [29] | 3 months 6 months 12 months |
ODI |
Caudal, No Steroid 42% 42% 42% Caudal ESI 42% 44% 43% |
MME reduction |
Caudal, No Steroid 18% 22% 22% Caudal ESI 17% 17% 15% |
| Manchikanti 2011 [30] | 3 months 6 months 12 months |
ODI |
Caudal, No Steroid 43% 47% 47% Caudal ESI 51% 51% 53% |
MME reduction |
Caudal, No Steroid 12% 13% 12% Caudal ESI 33% 31% 31% |
| Manchikanti 2011 [31] | 3 months 6 months 12 months |
ODI |
Caudal, No Steroid 42% 43% 46% Caudal ESI 49% 50% 49% |
MME reduction |
Caudal, No Steroid 17% 9% 9% Caudal ESI 17% 14% 17% |
| Manchikanti 2012 [32] | 3 months 6 months 12 months 18 months 24 months |
ODI |
Caudal, No Steroid 42% 42% 41% 41% 41% Caudal ESI 40% 40% 40% 41% 37% |
MME reduction |
Caudal, No Steroid 27% 25% 21% 22% 22% Caudal ESI 33% 32% 32% 32% 34% |
| Manchikanti 2012 [33] | 3 months 6 months 12 months 18 months 24 months |
ODI |
Caudal, No Steroid 42% 42% 42% 41% 41% Caudal ESI 42% 44% 43% 43% 43% |
||
| Manchikanti 2012 [23] | 3 months 6 months 12 months 18 months 24 months |
ODI |
Caudal ESI 29% 22% 19% 19% 19% Adhesiolysis 51% 51% 49% 53% 55% |
MME reduction |
Caudal ESI 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Adhesiolysis 23% 24% 21% 23% 23% |
| Manchikanti 2012 [34] | 3 months 6 months 12 months |
ODI |
Caudal, No Steroid 42% 42% 41% Caudal ESI 40% 40% 40% |
MME reduction |
Caudal, No Steroid 28% 25% 21% Caudal ESI 33% 32% 32% |
| Manchikanti 2012 [35] | 3 months 6 months 12 months 18 months 24 months |
ODI |
Caudal, No Steroid 43% 47% 47% 47% 47% Caudal ESI 51% 51% 53% 53% 52% |
MME reduction |
Caudal, No Steroid 37% 36% 37% 37% 37% Caudal ESI 33% 31% 31% 31% 31% |
| Manchikanti 2013 [19] | 3 months 6 months 12 months 18 months 24 months |
ODI |
Adhesiolysis∗ 51% 50% 49% 50% 51% |
MME reduction |
Adhesiolysis 31% 31% 27% 29% 27% |
| Manchikanti 2015 [36] | 3 months 6 months 12 months 18 months 24 months |
ODI |
Caudal, No Steroid 46% 46% 46% 45% 45% Caudal ESI 51% 50% 50% 50% 51% |
||
| Park 2013 [48] | 2 weeks 12 weeks |
ODI |
Ultrasound Caudal ESI 35% 43% Fluoroscopic Caudal ESI 41% 44% |
||
ESI- Epidural Steroid Injection; ODI-Oswestry Disability Index; MME- Morphine Milligram Equivalent; ∗The term neuroplasty is used throughout the manuscript to describe procedures involving the use of a catheter where the intention was to chemically or mechanically “lyse” adhesions or resolve a filling defect. In this table the authors' preferred term is used.