Table 5.
Adverse events.
| Study | Adverse Events |
|---|---|
| Akbas 2018 [46] | No serious adverse events L5-S1 TFESI: 1 headache, 1 post-operative paresthesia S1 TFESI: 1 subdural contrast spread, 1 hypotension, 1 dural puncture Caudal ESI: 1 subdural contrast spread, 1 infection |
| Chun-jing 2012 [47] | No serious adverse events Adhesiolysis∗ failed in 6 cases without any significant change in epidural anterior space angiography or any nerve injury complication |
| Gerdesmeyer 2013 [44] | No serious adverse events 54 patients (34 lysis, 20 placebo) reported intra-procedural pain 5 patients (3 lysis, 2 control) reported swelling without clinical evidence 48 (42 lysis, 6 control) transient neurological deficits following intervention 2 (1 lysis, 1 control) dural punctures with shearing of external catheter coating |
| Gerdesmeyer 2021 [45] | None reported |
| Karm 2018 [18] | No serious adverse events Transient minor events (not tabulated): Pain after adhesiolysis (2–3 days) Paresthesia during adhesiolysis Pain with needle insertion |
| Manchikanti 2008 [25] | No serious adverse events |
| Manchikanti 2008 [26] | No serious adverse events |
| Manchikanti 2008 [27] | No serious adverse events |
| Manchikanti 2008 [28] | No serious adverse events |
| Manchikanti 2009 [24] | No adverse events noted |
| Manchikanti 2009 [20] | 1 subarachnoid placement of the catheter identified in the adhesiolysis group |
| Manchikanti 2010 [29] | No serious adverse events |
| Manchikanti 2011 [30] | No serious adverse events |
| Manchikanti 2011 [31] | No serious adverse events |
| Manchikanti 2012 [32] | No serious adverse events |
| Manchikanti 2012 [33] | No serious adverse events |
| Manchikanti 2012 [23] | No serious adverse events 7 subarachnoid entries in adhesiolysis group 2 patients developed transient postoperative weakness |
| Manchikanti 2012 [34] | No serious adverse events |
| Manchikanti 2012 [35] | No serious adverse events |
| Manchikanti 2013 [19] | No serious adverse events 6 subarachnoid punctures 2 patients developed transient postoperative weakness |
| Manchikanti 2015 [36] | No serious adverse events |
| Park 2013 [48] | No serious adverse events 5 vasovagal (2 ultrasound, 3 fluoro) 3 transient headache (2 ultrasound, 1 fluoro) 9 transient pain (5 ultrasound, 4 fluoro) |
| Yousef 2010 [49] | No serious adverse events 4 minor complications (e.g., rash and itching) |
TFESI- Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection; ∗The term neuroplasty is used throughout the manuscript to describe procedures involving the use of a catheter where the intention was to chemically or mechanically “lyse” adhesions or resolve a filling defect. In this table the authors' preferred term is used.