Table 4.
Mixed-effects logistic regression models on ≥ 50% reduction in arm numerical rating scale by set (=model) of covariates.
| Model | Predictor | OR | (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Radiographic model Clinical variables model |
Follow-up time (vs. 1-month) | |||
| 3-month | 3.76 | (0.74, 19.04) | 0.110 | |
| 6-month | 1.66 | (0.35, 7.82) | 0.519 | |
| 12-month | 1.66 | (0.35, 7.82) | 0.519 | |
| Cervical disc herniation (vs. no) | ||||
| Yes | 16.91 | (0.24, 1177.42) | 0.192 | |
| Disc-osteophyte complex (vs. no) | ||||
| Yes | 10.16 | (0.23, 444.30) | 0.229 | |
| Foraminal stenosis (vs. no) | ||||
| Yes | 19.91 | (0.30, 1300.58) | 0.161 | |
| Severity of stenosis (vs. Grade of 0 & 1) | ||||
| Grade of 2 | 0.04 | (0.00, 1.62) | 0.088 | |
| Grade of 3 | 0.06 | (0.00, 1.45) | 0.083 | |
| Follow-up time (vs. 1-month) | ||||
| 3-month | 4.00 | (0.79, 20.17) | 0.093 | |
| 6-month | 1.72 | (0.37, 8.05) | 0.494 | |
| 12-month | 1.72 | (0.37, 8.05) | 0.494 | |
| Spurlings test (vs. negative) | ||||
| Positive | 0.34 | (0.03, 3.94) | 0.386 | |
| Myotomal strength asymetry (vs. no) | ||||
| Yes | Emptya | |||
| DTR asymmetry on exam (vs. no) | ||||
| Yes | 4.40 | (0.02, 810.77) | 0.578 | |
| Duration of pain (vs. 6 weeks to 3 months) | ||||
| 3–6 months | 3.77 | (0.33, 42.72) | 0.284 | |
| Description of pain: burning/electric (vs. no) | ||||
| Yes | 0.23 | (0.02, 3.02) | 0.263 | |
| Description of pain: aching (vs. no) | ||||
| Yes | 0.73 | (0.05, 9.75) | 0.811 | |
| Description of pain: sharp (vs. no) | ||||
| Yes | 0.25 | (0.02, 3.32) | 0.295 | |
| Description of pain: other (vs. no) | ||||
| Yes | 0.33 | (0.02, 5.46) | 0.441 | |
| Demographics model Psychological model |
Follow-up time (vs. 1-month) | |||
| 3-month | 3.72 | (0.74, 18.68) | 0.110 | |
| 6-month | 1.66 | (0.35, 7.72) | 0.521 | |
| 12-month | 1.66 | (0.35, 7.72) | 0.521 | |
| Gender (vs. female) | ||||
| Male | 1.84 | (0.16, 20.68) | 0.621 | |
| Age | 1.05 | (0.95, 1.17) | 0.363 | |
| Obesity (vs. no) | ||||
| Yes | 0.18 | (0.01, 2.32) | 0.190 | |
| Current Tobacco use (vs. no) | ||||
| Yes | 0.17 | (0.00, 26.33) | 0.489 | |
| Follow-up time (vs. 1-month) | ||||
| 3-month | 3.80 | (0.75, 19.27) | 0.108 | |
| 6-month | 1.69 | (0.36, 7.94) | 0.509 | |
| 12-month | 1.69 | (0.36, 7.94) | 0.509 | |
| Depression (vs. no) | ||||
| Yes | 0.20 | (0.01, 4.46) | 0.307 | |
| Anxiety (vs. no) | ||||
| Yes | 1.19 | (0.05, 28.14) | 0.913 | |
| PHQ total (vs. none to minimal) | ||||
| Mild to moderate | 0.28 | (0.02, 3.67) | 0.333 | |
| Moderately-severe to severe | 0.09 | (0.00, 13.78) | 0.352 | |
Note: Outcome = ≥50% reduction in arm numerical rating scale; Missing data are excluded.
OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
a
All patients with myotomal strength asymmetry had ≥50% change in arm numerical rating scale.