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. 2024 Sep 4;20:391. doi: 10.1186/s12917-024-04231-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — The effects of PAW on spleen histopathological alterations in quail. Histology and general structure of the spleen of from experimental groups: (a-c): control normal quail. (a) Peritoneal layer covered the capsule (arrowheads) and subcapsular sinuses (arrows), unclear demarcation between white pulp and red pulp (stars). (B): PALS were surrounded central artery (CA) and consisted of various white blood cells including lymphocytes, macrophages, reticular cells, and plasma cells. (C): Penicilliform capillaries (PC) were encircled by PELS. PELS (lymphatic nodule) were formed mainly of lymphocytes of different sizes, macrophages, reticular cells, and heterophils. The Penicilliform (PC) continued with the blood sinuses (S). (d-f): PAW1 showing: (d): normal splenic capsule (arrowheads), dilated and congested sinuses (S). splenic venules dilatation and congestion (A&B stars). (d): thickening and hyalinization of splenic arterioles (arrows). (e): hyperplasia in PELS (WP). (g-i): PAW2 showing: (g): mild thickening in splenic capsule (arrowheads), dilated and congested sub capsular sinus (star). (h): splenic venules dilatated and congested (arrow). Normal lymphoid cellular density in splenic parenchyma (star). (i): lymphocytic hyperplasia in PELS (arrows)