Table 4.
Predictors of post-COVID-19 symptoms by sociodemographic variables
| Independent Variable | Sub category | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breathlessness | |||||
| Marital Status | Married | Reff. | Reff. | ||
| Unmarried | 1.55 (1.02, 2.39) | 0.049 | 3.39 (1.51, 7.64) | 0.003 | |
| Widow | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.999 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.999 | |
| Living Area | Rural | Reff. | Reff. | ||
| Semi-urban | 2.90 (1.23, 6.81) | 0.015 | 2.91 (1.03, 8.22) | 0.044 | |
| Urban | 3.39 (1.48, 7.77) | 0.004 | 3.15 (1.12, 8.89) | 0.030 | |
| Fatigue | |||||
| Living Area | Rural | Reff. | Reff. | ||
| Semi-urban | 2.53 (0.94, 6.80) | 0.065 | 4.23 (1.18, 15.16) | 0.027 | |
| Urban | 3.07 (1.18, 8.02) | 0.022 | 5.45 (1.15, 19.52) | 0.009 | |
| Monthly Family Income |
Below the poverty line < 10,200 BDT (< 85 USD) |
Reff. | Reff. | ||
| < 35,000 BDT (< 320 USD) | 0.83 (0.29, 2.36) | 0.721 | 0.33 (0.08, 1.35) | 0.112 | |
| > 35,000 BDT (> 320 USD) | 0.68 (0.23, 1.98) | 0.476 | 0.21 (0.05, 0.92) | 0.038 | |
| Myalgia | |||||
| COVID-19 vaccine | Non-Vaccinated | Reff. | Reff. | ||
| 1st dose | 1.99 (0.64, 6.16) | 0.233 | 2.51 (0.71, 8.81) | 0.152 | |
| 2nd dose | 2.61 (0.93, 7.31) | 0.067 | 3.61 (1.14, 11.40) | 0.029 | |
| Booster dose | 2.16 (0.75, 6.25) | 0.155 | 3.46 (1.03, 11.59) | 0.044 | |
| Concentration Problem | |||||
| COVID-19 vaccine | Non-Vaccinated | Reff. | Reff. | ||
| 1st dose | 1.99 (0.64, 6.16) | 0.233 | 2.36 (0.66, 8.27) | 0.178 | |
| 2nd dose | 2.79 (0.99, 7.80) | 0.051 | 3.78 (1.20, 11.90) | 0.023 | |
| Booster dose | 2.37 (0.82, 6.84) | 0.111 | 3.72 (1.11, 12.41) | 0.033 | |
| Problems with Planning | |||||
| Living Area | Rural | Reff. | Reff. | ||
| Semi-urban | 1.41 (0.76, 2.60) | 0.279 | 2.64 (1.16, 6.03) | 0.021 | |
| Urban | 1.42 (0.79, 2.55) | 0.245 | 2.92 (1.27, 6.71) | 0.011 | |
| Occupation | Day labor | Reff. | Reff. | ||
| Service holder | 0.68 (0.33, 1.38) | 0.282 | 0.25 (0.09, 0.72) | 0.010 | |
| Health Professionals | 0.75 (0.25, 2.31) | 0.623 | 0.29 (0.07, 1.22) | 0.092 | |
| Law enforcement | 0.81 (0.33, 2.02) | 0.655 | 0.31 (0.09, 1.06) | 0.061 | |
| Housewife | 1.06 (0.48, 2.33) | 0.892 | 0.54 (0.18, 1.64) | 0.276 | |
| Student | 0.89 (0.40, 1.96) | 0.767 | 0.30 (0.08, 1.08) | 0.065 | |
| Unemployed | 0.58 (0.18, 1.85) | 0.358 | 0.18 (0.04, 0.83) | 0.029 | |
| Businessman | 0.62 (0.25, 1.56) | 0.311 | 0.26 (0.09, 0.84) | 0.025 | |
| Anxiety | |||||
| COVID-19 vaccine | Non-Vaccinated | Reff. | Reff. | ||
| 1st dose | 1.97 (0.58, 6.65) | 0.275 | 2.14 (0.57, 7.99) | 0.257 | |
| 2nd dose | 2.96 (0.97, 9.00) | 0.056 | 3.68 (1.10, 12.31) | 0.034 | |
| Booster dose | 2.45 (0.78, 7.70) | 0.125 | 3.78 (1.06, 13.47) | 0.040 | |
| Depression | |||||
| Age Category | 18–40 Years | Reff. | Reff. | ||
| 41–60 Years | 0.63 (0.43, 0.93) | 0.018 | 0.43 (0.19, 0.94) | 0.035 | |
| > 61 Years | 1.30 (0.62, 2.73) | 0.480 | 0.68 (0.14, 3.25) | 0.627 | |
| Smoking | Yes | Reff. | Reff. | ||
| No | 0.33 (0.19, 0.58) | < 0.001 | 0.31 (0.16, 0.58) | < 0.001 | |
| PTSD | |||||
| Marital Status | Married | Reff. | Reff. | ||
| Unmarried | 1.25 (0.83, 1.89) | 0.287 | 2.74 (1.25, 5.97) | 0.011 | |
| Widow | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.999 | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.999 | |
| Dizziness | |||||
| COVID-19 vaccine | Non-Vaccinated | Reff. | Reff. | ||
| 1st dose | 2.30 (0.83, 6.40) | 0.111 | 2.03 (0.64, 6.51) | 0.232 | |
| 2nd dose | 2.76 (1.13, 6.76) | 0.026 | 2.93 (1.03, 8.29) | 0.042 | |
| Booster dose | 2.30 (0.90, 5.85) | 0.081 | 2.95 (0.97, 8.92) | 0.056 | |
| Sleep Disturbance | |||||
| Occupation | Day labor | Reff | Reff. | ||
| Service holder | 2.30 (1.18, 4.48) | 0.014 | 2.588 (1.011,6.63) | 0.047 | |
| Health Professionals | 18.17 (2.24, 147.54) | 0.007 | 20.923 (2.23, 196.09) | 0.008 | |
| Law enforcement | 1.91 (0.80, 4.56) | 0.143 | 1.664 (0.55, 5.05) | 0.369 | |
| Housewife | 2.36 (1.12, 4.94) | 0.024 | 3.238 (1.16, 9.02) | 0.025 | |
| Student | 1.88 (0.90, 3.92) | 0.093 | 1.417 (0.42, 4.80) | 0.575 | |
| Unemployed | 1.75 (0.55, 5.56) | 0.340 | 1.377 (0.32, 5.96) | 0.669 | |
| Businessman | 2.35 (0.94, 5.85) | 0.067 | 2.632 (0.86, 8.05) | 0.090 | |
| Diarrhea | |||||
| COVID-19 vaccine | Non-Vaccinated | Reff. | Reff. | ||
| 1st dose | 2.73 (0.97, 7.69) | 0.058 | 3.83 (1.19, 12.28) | 0.024 | |
| 2nd dose | 1.88 (0.77, 4.58) | 0.163 | 2.13 (0.78, 5.85) | 0.142 | |
| Booster dose | 1.80 (0.71, 4.55) | 0.216 | 2.09 (0.71, 6.12) | 0.182 | |
| Weight Loss | |||||
| Educational Background | No formal education | Reff. | Reff. | ||
| Primary education | 2.76 (0.79, 9.56) | 0.110 | 2.70 (0.62, 11.66) | 0.184 | |
| Secondary education | 5.21 (1.51, 17.96) | 0.009 | 6.16 (1.37, 27.73) | 0.018 | |
| Higher secondary education | 7.41 (2.18, 25.16) | 0.001 | 6.93 (1.49, 32.15) | 0.013 | |
| Bachelor or above | 4.31 (1.37, 13.56) | 0.012 | 3.64 (0.76, 17.34) | 0.105 | |
| Smoking | Yes | Reff. | Reff. | ||
| No | 0.43 (0.20, 0.91) | 0.028 | 0.32 (0.13, 0.79) | 0.014 | |
| Visual Problems | |||||
| Age | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.638 | 1.05 (1.00, 1.09) | 0.039 | |
| Sore Throat | |||||
| Occupation | Day labor | Reff. | Reff. | ||
| Service holder | 1.84 (0.78, 4.33) | 0.162 | 5.00 (1.43, 17.45) | 0.012 | |
| Health Professionals | 4.04 (0.00, 9.23) | 0.998 | 9.91 (0.00, 14.39) | 0.998 | |
| Law enforcement | 3.25 (0.82, 12.96) | 0.095 | 8.35 (1.57, 44.56) | 0.013 | |
| Housewife | 2.25 (0.83, 6.14) | 0.113 | 4.48 (1.10, 18.23) | 0.036 | |
| Student | 1.09 (0.44, 2.72) | 0.847 | 1.10 (0.18, 6.86) | 0.918 | |
| Unemployed | 4.04 (0.00, 9.23) | 0.998 | 1.38 (0.00, 3.45) | 0.998 | |
| Businessman | 2.92 (0.73, 11.68) | 0.130 | 7.79 (1.49, 40.64) | 0.015 | |
OR: ODDs Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; Binary Logistic