Table 1.
Mediators | US equipment | Operational methods | US parameters | Application | Tempera-ture | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TRPV1 | The US equipment was customized by Xinxiang Chiyu Ultrasonic Equipment Co. LTD and consists of a signal generator and a power amplifier. | US-stimulated M1 region of the mouse brain under anesthesia using a collimator. | 1.8 MHz, Stimulation 2 s and stop for 2 s, Duration: 400 s, Power: 6W. | Induction of calcium influx, Neuromodulation in the M1 region of mouse brain. | 42 °C | 60 |
A specialized wearable FUS device was designed, featuring an FUS transducer and a base plate | Attachment of FUS transducer base plate to the mouse skull. | 1.5 MHz, 40% DC, PRF 10Hz, Duration: 15 s 0.7 and 1.1 MPa. |
Neuromodulation of motor cortex in freely moving mice. | 0.7 MPa: 38.57 ± 0.31 °C 1.1 MPa: 39.69 ± 0.59 °C | 61 | |
HSP | The US field is generated using an unfocused air-backed transrectal transducer, with power delivery managed by a multichannel RF driving system. | A transrectal US transducer surrounded by a water-filled latex membrane is placed in the animal rectum. | 1.5 MHz, Power levels reaching as high as 70 W. | Control of exogenous luciferase expression in canine prostate. | 42 °C | 35 |
The FUS system consists of a 1.5 MHz 8-element annular array transducer, a 16-channel broadband radiofrequency generator, an X-Y positioning stage, and a degassing and water circulation system. | The FUS transducer is placed directly above the targeted region on the mouse's hindlimb. Thin layers of SCAN ultrasound gel are applied at both the skin-transducer and skin-bed interfaces. | Three pulses of 5 min heating by MRI-guided FUS. | Regulation of CAR-T cell activity in tumors using a Cre-lox gene switch. | 43 °C | 33 | |
The therapeutic array, operating at 1.5 MHz and comprising 128 elements, was sourced from Imasonic. An imaging array is employed for image guidance and treatment planning. | The needle thermocouple is inserted subcutaneously between the tumor and the body wall. After placement, the animal is positioned laterally with the tumor oriented towards the therapeutic array. | 1.5 MHz 128-element, 0-80% DC, Duration: 15 min, Maximum intensity Ispta of 20 W/cm2. | Multiplexed genome regulation in Jurkat T cells and primary T cells. | 43 °C | 10 | |
TSR-TlpA36 | The FUS procedure utilizes a 16-channel ultrasound generator, a motorized MRI-compatible transducer positioning system, and an annular array transducer operating at 1.5 MHz. | FUS is used to activate subcutaneously injected bacterial agents at a specific anatomical site. |
1.5 MHz, 41 °C for 45 min to 1 h | Activated engineered E. coli expressing GFP at a specific anatomical site. | 41 °C | 24 |
TSR-TcI42 | A closed-loop thermal control system was developed to maintain temperature by adjusting the intensity of the FUS. A Velmex BiSlide motorized positioning system is utilized to submerge and position the 0.67 MHz FUS transducer. A signal generator produces the thermal ultrasound signal, which is subsequently amplified and transmitted to the ultrasound transducer. | Mice were anesthetized and secured in a vertical nose-up position to an acrylic arm connected to a manual 3D positioning system, facilitating three-dimensional translation of the mouse within the water bath. The target flank was then activated using the FUS system. | 0.67 MHz, 50% DC, 0.6 MPa, A total of 1 h at 43 °C with 5 min pulse duration. | Activated engineered E. coli Nissle 1917 for the sustained release of aPD-L1 and aATLA-4. | 42 °C | 62 |
TSR-cI857 | No specific description. | The ON/OFF US irradiation procedure was adjusted to keep the temperature constant, and the mice were irradiated with the ultrasound for 30 min. | 0.96 MHz, 150 ms pulse period, 100 ms pulse width, 3s ON and 5s OFF, 3.52 MPa. | Activated engineered E. coli MG1655 expressing IFN-γ for tumor immunotherapy. | 45 °C | 63 |